Biography of Hippocrates… Benjamin Franklin… Carlos Fuentes… Leon Trotsky - Trotsky…

Biography of Hippocrates

(Unknown - Unknown)

Hippocrates
Considered the father of medicine

It is believed that he was born in 460 a. concerning the island of Cos, Greece. Son of Heraclides, of the family of Asclepiades.
It was probably solid instruction with Gorgias of Leoncio. He was a friend of the philosopher Democritus. Considered the most illustrious doctor of antiquity. His capacity for clinical observation influenced decisively eradicate old superstitions. He traveled by Thessaly, Thrace, Macedonia and the Asian cities. In Athens, he worked and taught medicine and its performance during a plague earned him a public tribute. His fame reached Persia, where the KingArtaxerxes was invited to go to combat an epidemic, offering considerable wealth; but Hippocrates refused to cooperate with the enemies of his people.
Of the nearly seventy works that form part of the Corpus hippocraticum, it is possible to write only about six. The most outstanding works include the Treaty of the airs, waters and places, where it is said that weather, water or their situation in a place where the winds are favourable are elements that can help a doctor assess the overall health of its inhabitants.

Biography of Benjamin Franklin

(1706/01/17 - 1790/04/17)

Benjamin Franklin
Philosopher, politician and American scientist

He was born January 17, 1706 in Boston.
She worked helping his father in the wax from your property. At the age of 13 he was an apprentice in the printing of his brother. From 1721 he collaborated with his brother James in the writing and editing of the New England Courant.
He moved to Philadelphia in October 1723 and met William Keith, Governor of Pennsylvania, which recommended him to travel to Britain to complete his training as a printer and buy the equipment needed to set up his own printing press in Philadelphia.
He arrived in London in December of 1724 and found employment in two of the most prominent printers of London, Palmer's and Watt's. In October of 1726 returned to Philadelphia and the year following organized a discussion group that later would become the Philosophical society of the United States. In September 1729 he bought the Pennsylvania Gazette. In 1731 he founded which was probably the first public library in North America, opened in 1742 with the Philadelphia libraryname. He also published the Calendar of the good Ricardo in 1732 under the pseudonym of Richard Saunders.
In 1736 he was part of the Pennsylvania General Assembly , and the following year he was appointed administrator post in Philadelphia. Around this time he also organized the first fire insurance company in the city and introduced methods to improve the paving and street lighting. Always interested in scientific studies, devised systems to control excessive smoking of chimneys and around 1744 invented the iron Franklin stove, producing more heat with less fuel. In 1747 he began his experiments on electricity. He said a possible theory of the bottle of Leyden, defended the hypothesis that the storms are an electrical phenomenon and proposed an effective method to prove it. His theory was published in London and was tested in England and France before even of itself to run his famous experiment with a kite in 1752. His theory of electricity was based on the notion Newtonian of the mutual repulsion of particles which the English scientist had exposed in his optics. He invented the lightning rod , and presented the so-called theory of fluid only to explain the two types of electricity, positive and negative. In recognition of his scientific achievements, he received honorary degrees from the universities of St Andrews and Oxford. He was also elected member of the Royal Society of London, and in 1753 he won the Copley Medal for his outstanding contributions to experimental science.
Franklin was also a great influence in the field of education, as determinants for the Foundation written in 1751 of the Philadelphia Academy, which later became the University of Pennsylvania. In 1748 he sold his printing press and in 1750, he was elected to the Pennsylvania Assembly, where served until 1764. It was named inspector general post for the British colonies in America in 1753 and 1754, was a Pennsylvania delegate at the Albany Congress, which was held to discuss the attitude that should be maintained before the Guerra French and India. His Plan Albany, which is anticipated in many ways to the United States Constitution of 1787, defended the local independence within the framework of the colonial union. When erupted Guerra France and India, Franklin provided supplies to the captain English general Edward Braddock guaranteeing their own credit to Pennsylvania farmers, who, from that moment, provided the necessary equipment. The owners of Pennsylvania Colony, descendants of the Quaker leader William Penn, according to their religious principles of opposition to the war refused to allow their land will stay to cover the conflict.
In 1757 he was sent to England by the Pennsylvania Assembly to ask the King the right to levy taxes for land ownership. At the end of his mission he stayed five years more in the country as the first representative of the American colonies. During this period he became friends with the chemist Joseph Priestley, the philosopher and historian David Hume and Adam SmithEconomist. He returned to Philadelphia in 1762 where he remained until 1764, when once again was sent to England as a representative of Pennsylvania. In 1766 he was to testify before the House of Commons on the effects of the Stamp Act (Law of the ring) in the colonies. His testimony had an enormous influence on the repeal of this law. However, soon new plans were introduced in Parliament to tax the colonies, so Franklin began to feel divided between devotion to his homeland and allegiance to George III. Finally, in 1775 he had to admit the inevitability of war.
When he returned to Philadelphia on May 5, 1775 battles of Lexington and Concord had triggered the conflict. He was elected member of the second Continental Congress, serving in ten of its committees. In 1775, Franklin traveled to Canada to get their support and cooperation in the war on behalf of the colonies. On his return he was one of the five members of the Committee appointed to draft the Declaration of independence. In September of the same year he was elected as a delegate to get financial support from France. Overcoming the virulent opposition of the French Minister of finance Jacques Necker managed to get substantial concessions and loans of Louis XVI, thanks to the prestige that had in this country as a scientist, and integrity and ingenuity he displayed during the negotiations.
He materially helped the Corsairs Americans that operated against the British Navy, especially John Paul Jones. February 6, 1778 he negotiated treaties of trade and friendship with France and Spain subsequently changed the tide of the war. Seven months later he was appointed by the Congress Minister Plenipotentiary of United States in France. In 1781, Franklin, John Adams , and John Jay were appointed to conclude a peace treaty with Great Britain.
The Treaty of Paris, which ended the war, was signed in Versailles on September 3, 1783. His fame as a scientist helped him to be elected by the French monarch Luis XVI to investigate the findings of the Austrian physician Franz Anton Mesmer and the phenomenon of animal magnetism . As a dignitary of one of the most distinguished masonic lodges in France, he had met many characters.
In March 1785 he resigned from his position in France to return to Philadelphia, where he was immediately elected President of the Executive Council of Philadelphia (1785-1787).
Benjamin Franklin died April 17, 1790, in Philadelphia.

Biography of Carlos Fuentes

(1928/11/11 - 2012/05/15)

Carlos Fuentes
Mexican writer

He was born on November 11, 1928 in Panama because of the diplomatic profession of his father.
There he spent his childhood. He then lived in Quito, Montevideo, Rio de Janeiro, Washington, Santiago and Buenos Aires. In his teens he returned to Mexico, where he settled until 1965.
He studied in Switzerland and the United States although the lawyer career was made in the National Autonomous University of Mexico. With 12 years he read for the first time Don Quixote.
His first writings were published in the magazine in half a century. He founded and directed by Emanuel Carballo Revista Mexicana de Literatura (1955-1958) and was co-director with Luis Villoro, Francisco López camera and Jaime García Terrés de spectator (1959-1960). Fellow of the Centro Mexicano de Escritores (1956-1957) prepared numerous film adaptations of his works and other authors. He wrote screenplays for films such as: the Golden Cockerel in 1964, or a pure soul in 1965. Was a close friend of the Colombian writer Gabriel García Márquez.
Collaborator in the main newspapers and cultural supplements in Mexico and abroad. It is Ambassador of Mexico in France from 1972 to 1976 opened the doors of the Embassy to refugees Latin American politicians and Spanish. He has lived in Europe and North America; He was a professor at the universities of Columbia, Harvard, Princeton, Brown, Pennsylvania (United States) and held the Simón Bolívar Chair at the University of Cambridge.
Carlos Fuentes was one of the writers, members of the so-called Hispanic Boom constituted by the Nobel Laureates Mario Vargas Llosa and Gabriel García Márquez, and the Argentine Julio Cortázar. His work emphasizes its political and social commitment. His works have been translated into several languages.
From the collection of short stories the masked days (1954) was unveiled with a work where the fantastic is adjacent with the real. His first novel, the air is clear (1958), consecrated him immediately in the Mexican literary media. He then wrote the good consciences (1959) and the death of Artemio Cruz (1962), that recounts 50 years of Mexican life. Aura (1962), is a short story and one of the best texts, between the historical and fantasy. Sacred area (1967), skin change (1967) returns to the epic. Terra nostra (1975) weaves together different types of fiction and myths. In the head from the hidra (1978) rehearses a detective novel, a distant family (1980) are rooted in fantasy. Then he published water quemada (1981); Old Gringo (1985), about the writer Ambrose Bierce, Cristóbal Nonato (1987), Bell (1990), orange or circles of the time (1993), Diana or the solitary Huntress (1994), the glass border, a novel in nine storys (1995). Several tests as the new Latin American novel, Mexican time, brave new world and the buried mirror, deal with literature and history, both Mexico and America. He has written for the Theatre: all cats are grey and the one-eyed man is King of 1970; The native kingdoms and orchids in the light of the Moon (1982). The death of Artemio Cruz, Aura, and the air is clear are three of the best novels of Carlos Fuentes, considered classics of American literature. In both books, there are management of new technical avant-garde narratives that allow imaginarily portray this complex world of a post-revolutionary Mexico, confluence of the subject of history, power, authoritarianism and death.
With numerous literary awards, among them: Brief library (Spain, 1967), Rómulo Gallegos (Venezuela, 1974), Xavier Villaurrutia (Mexico 1975) Alfonso Reyes (Mexico, 1979), Nacional de literature (Mexico, 1984) and Cervantes (Spain, 1987). The Prince of Asturias prize (Spain, 1994) in addition to receiving Doctorates Honoris Causa at the universities most distinguished in the world such as Harvard or Cambridge. He is a member of El Colegio Nacional since 1974 and the American Academy and Institute of Art and Letters since 1986.
Carlos Fuentes died on May 15, 2012 at the Angeles del Pedregal Hospital of the City of Mexico at the age of 83.

Biography of Leon Trotsky - Trotsky

(1879/11/07 - 21/08/1940)

Leon Trotsky
Trotsky
Lev Davidovich Bronstein
Soviet politician

He was born on November 7, 1879 in Yakovka (Ukraine), into a family of Russian Jews.
Arrogant, cult, excellent writer, brilliant orator, Trotsky was a formidable personality: the best leader that the revolution has produced ever, in the words of A. j. p. Taylor. He was the organizer of the seizure of power in October 1917 Russian Communist revolution and creator of the Red Army, the main instrument in the consolidation of the Soviet regime and the Foundation of the new patriotism that this be settled.
He studied in Odesa and Mykolayiv. It had its beginnings in politics in the year 1896, when integrated into populism of Mykolayivcircles, although he did not hesitate to join the Marxist movement. Deep knowledge of the theory, which brought developments as the theory of the Permanent Revolution, already outlined by Marx in 1848 and assumed by Lenin during the Russian Revolution.
In 1897 he founded the Union of workers of the South of Russia. He was arrested, imprisoned, and sentenced to exile. Escape from his exile in Siberia in 1902 and moved to Europe by adopting the pseudonym of Trotsky (name of a jailer who had guarded him). During his stay abroad, he joined Lenin, L. Martov, Georgy Plekhanov and other members of the Social Democratic Workers Party Russian (POSDR) who edited the newspaper Iskra (the spark). When held the second Congress of the POSDR, of London in 1903, opposed to the theories of Lenin and the Bolsheviks and joined the Mensheviks, moderate group of the POSDR.
He returned to Russia to take part in the revolution of 1905, he becomes Chairman of the St. Petersburg Soviet. Imprisoned in December 1905 and deported to Siberia, at this time, he exhibited his reflections on two works, 1905 and Balance and perspectives. He escaped again in 1907.
At the beginning of the Russian revolution in 1917, it is in New York and returns to Russia where assumed head of the inter-district social democratic organization joining the Petrograd Soviet. He joined the Bolshevik Party in July and was elected a member of its Central Committee. He was President of the Soviet de Petrogrado in the month of September. He chaired the Bolshevik Military Revolutionary Committee , from which successfully guided the revolution of November (October). He was Commissioner of Foreign Affairs in the Soviet Government was established here, which negotiated peace separately with Germany at Brest-Litovsk, which meant the Russian abandonment of the First world war.
To him is due the Foundation and direction of the Red Army, which got a big win during the Russian Civil War that followed the revolution. Lenin was forced to retire from political life in May 1922, after suffering a stroke and failed to prevent that the troika composed ofGrigory Zinoviev, Lev Kamenev and Stalin seized power. Political opponents dismissed him from his position as Commissioner of Guerra in 1925 and expelled him from the Politburo in 1926; Stalin sent him into exile to central Asia in 1928 and was banished from the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) in 1929.
Went into exile first in Turkey and then in France and Norway, and finally in Mexico, invited by general Lázaro Cárdenas, President of the country, in 1937. A nazi group raided his house in Norway; sent by the painter Siqueiros Communist gunmen strafed his residence in Mexico. The death of his son Leon in 1938 destroyed him. Exiled and persecuted, he reconciled with his Jewish condition, and despite his internationalism, seemed uninterested at the end in the dramatic fate of his people.
He wrote numerous essays, an autobiography, my life (1930), a history of the Russian Revolution (1931-1933) and the revolution betrayed (1937). In the city of Mexico, he lived in a Palace, defended and saved as a fortress, with armed bodyguards. He was a friend of the Mexican painter Diego Rivera and his wife Frida Kahlo.
The Soviet agent Kotov, who directed operations against Trotsky, from Mexico ordered Ramón Mercader, had managed to sneak into the House as a friend of one of the Secretaries, who ended his life. Merchant attacked him on August 20, 1940 with anice axe, which sank in his head; but this could react and asked for help. Trotsky died the next day. Merchant remained in prison in Mexico for 20 years.