Georges Braque… Richard Gere… Maria Montessori… Diana Spencer… Biographies Multiposts
Encyclopedia of Biographies of famous and historical figures
Biographies online:
- Biography of Georges Braque
- Biography of Caligula
- Biography of James Coburn
- Biography of Marina Tsvetaeva
- Richard Gere biography
- Biography of Daniel Harding
- Enzo Iacchetti biography
- Biography of Carlo Maria Martini
- Maria Montessori biography
- Biography of Luca di Montezemolo
- Biography of Diana Spencer
Biography of Georges Braque
August 31, 1963
Who is Georges Braque?
Georges Braque, French painter and sculptor, is together with the famous Picasso the artist who started the Cubist movement. Was born on 13 may 1882 at Argenteuil in an artistic family, son of Augustine Johannet and Charles Braque. He moved with his parents in Le Havre in 1890, three years later he began high school, but soon realizes that it has no passion for the study. Nevertheless, he enrolled at the Ecole Supérieure d'art of the city, directed by Charles Lhullier, and at the same time take flute lessons with Gaston, brother of Raoul Dufy.In 1899 he left the College and works as an apprentice by his father (who is in charge of painting) and then by a Decorator friend. The following year he moved to Paris to continue his apprenticeship with another decorator, and follows the course of the municipal Arrondissement in Eugène Quignolot.
After his military service in 129 infantry regiment of Le Havre, with the consent of the parents decided to devote himself entirely to painting.
Early career as an artist
Returning to Paris in 1902, he moved to rue Lepic Montmartre and enters the Académie Humbert of Boulevard de Rochechouar: it is here that he meets Marie Laurencin and Francis Picabia. The latter became his confidant and his escort in Montmartre: the two dine together, come out, share experiences, passions and secrets. The couple, however, only Platonic relationship.
In 1905, after having destroyed its entire production of the previous summer, Georges Braque leaves the Academy and came into contact with Leon Bonnat in the school of fine arts in Paris, where he met Raoul Dufy and Othon Friez.
Meanwhile, he studied the Impressionists at the Luxembourg Museum, where works of Gustave Caillebotte, but also frequents the Vollard galleries and Durand-Ruel; In addition, open an atelier in Rue d'orsel, in front of the theater in Montmartre, where many melodramas of the time.
In the winter of 1905 and 1906 Georges began to paint according to the techniques of the fauves, thanks to the influence of the art of Henri Matisse: decide to use bright colours, but especially not to give up the freedom of composition. In this period was the creation of "Paysage à l'estaque".
The meeting with Picasso
In 1907 Braque has to visit the Paul Cezanne retrospective exhibition at the Salon d'Automne: in this circumstance has the opportunity to come into contact with Pablo Picasso, which is realizing "Les demoiselles d'Avignon". This meeting deeply influence him to induce him to take an interest in primitive art.
Eliminating artifice as chiaroscuro and perspective, in his later works Georges Braque palette reduced using only shades of green and Brown, geometric volumes. In "Grand Nu", for example, are short and wide brush strokes those who build the anatomy and suggesting that volumes are enclosed in a thick black outline: these geometric design principles are applied to the still lifes as landscapes.
The birth of cubism
In the 1910s, the friendship with Picasso evolves, and this progress is also manifested in the improvement of plastic art of Braque, who begins to conceive the pictorial space based on a new vision: is here the analytical Cubism, with facets and dismembered and broken objects on different floors.
It is known, for example, "Violon et Palette", where is a violin in all a perspective vision plans distributed on the surface. Over time, however, the artist's works at Argenteuil become increasingly incomprehensible (even though he has in the past rejected abstraction): is the consequence of the desire to represent more complex volumes in order to show all their facets.
Starting from autumn 1911 Georges Braque introduces his works recognizable sign (you can see it in "Le Portugais") as digits printed and letters, and the following year even goes so far to experiment with the technique of collage, which combines different elements to create a summary that describes a decoupling object colors and shapes.
Just the year 1912 turns out to be a very profitable: they are made, in fact, "still life with grapes", "fruit bowl Sorgues and glass", "Mozart Violin/Kubelick", "man with violin", "man with pipe" and "head of a woman"; the following year, however, date from "Le quotidien, violin, pipa and Violin", "glass", "Clarinet", "woman with a guitar", "guitar and program: Statue of epouvante" and "still life with playing cards".
The war years
In 1914 Georges Braque is called to arms, and is forced to interrupt the collaboration with Picasso. After being wounded during the first world war and resumed working independently, but opting for the development of a personal style, characterized by textured surfaces and colours.
Subsequent work and later life
In 1926 he painted "Canefora", while three years later he made "coffee table". He moved on the Norman coast, begins to also represent human figures; between 1948 and 1955 creates a series of "Workshops", while from 1955 to 1963 he completed the series of "Birds".
In these years also deals with some decorative work: the 1948 for the sculpture of the door of the Tabernacle of the Church of Assy, while in the early 1950s is the decoration of the ceiling of the Etruscan Hall of the Louvre Museum in Paris.
Georges Braque died on 31 August 1963 in Paris: his body is buried in Normandy, in the cemetery of Varengeville-sur-Mer.
Biography of Caligula
August 31, 12
January 24, 41
Those Caligula?
The death of Tiberius on 13 March 37 ad was the occasion of relief for the Roman people. Died at the age of sixty-eight years, Tiberius had ruled for the past twenty three of his life, and was at the time considered a tyrant because of bad relations with the people, the Senate and the military. It seems that his death was not accidental.When he was succeeded by his great-nephew Caligula the world appeared brighter. Born at Anzio on 31 August of year 12, Gaius Julius Caesar Germanicus, better known as Gaius Caesar or Caligula-25, then sprang to the Republic, and soon began a successful collaboration with the Pater Conscriptis of the city.
All the judged favourably. Caligula promoted amnesties, decreased taxes, organized games and parties, made legal again rallies. This happy period did not last forever. After just seven months from emperor Caligula was seized with a sudden and strange disease. He was upset in the physical but above all in the mind.
Quickly became cynical, bloodthirsty, megalomaniacal and absolutely insane. Condemned to death for trivial reasons, and often ordered twice the same person, not remembering to have her killed.
The senators, given the danger that had become, attempted to assassinate, but to no avail. When he died, Caligula's sister Drusilla, which seems to have had incestuous relationships, the Emperor's mental health suffered even more. It quickly became a true despot, calling himself emperor, as well as father of the country.
Before him everyone had to genuflect, and had determined that on 18 March of each year was to become party in his honor. Called himself as the gods: Jupiter, Neptune, mercury and Venus. Often wore women's clothes, and wore flashy jewelry and bracelets.
His reign lasted only four years (from 37 to 41). He was killed on 24 January 41, when he was leaving the arena during the Ludi Palatini. They stabbed him 30 times. With him were executed all close relatives. Even his young girl Julia Drusilla was spared: he was thrown against a wall.
Like his father, Caligula also will be remembered as a tyrant. The Kingdom will hand his uncle Claudius Germanicus, fifties, and only surviving relative.
Biography of James Coburn
August 31, 1928
November 18, 2002
Who is James Coburn?
After having participated in the films of John Sturges ' "the magnificent seven" and "the great escape", which also launched, it is printed on the hero figure slouching, absent-minded and sly, of few words but quick to act when necessary, features with which it is likely we will remember forever.Born on August 31, 1928 in Laurel, in the State of Nebraska, after some experience in University theatres and on television for a long time, James Coburn will be relegated to mere comprimario roles; achieve success with the agent Flint series, born in the wake of the boom linked to Ian Fleming's secret agent, James Bond, and spy stories. That role, however, seems to limit the image of sympathetic protagonist, whereas his qualities as an actor are well. Quality that will emerge when Coburn will have the opportunity to compete in a less showy role, though, is inevitable, and less popular.
The career of James Coburn, a closer look, starts early on the boards of a theatre and concludes with the prestigious Oscar statuette in hand, won in 1997 for best supporting actor for "Affliction", by Paul Schrader.
Decades of tv shows ("Bonanza" and "Perry Mason"), and dozens of roles from "hard" with the likes of Sergio Leone-memorable his character of Irish revolutionary in "head down" (1972, with Rod Steiger), Sam Peckinpah ("Pat Garrett and Billy the Kid") or the previously mentioned John Sturges.
Also much appreciated her performance in a film like "the great escape". There is an anecdote that concerns him: Sergio Leone well before choosing Clint Eastwood, had thought of him for the role of Gunslinger in "a fistful of dollars". But Coburn's career had already started, and his odds of actor and their fees were too high for the film's budget.
In recent years, Coburn worked in a highly original film, big and ferocious satire on the license plate information USA: "the second civil war" and just a few months before his death he attended the film with Andy Garcia, "Gigolo-The man from Elysian Fields".
At the age of 74 years, the actor has been seized by the November 18, 2002 cardiac arrest while at his home in Beverly Hills. James Coburn leaves his wife Paula, two children, Lisa and James Jr., and two grandchildren.
A curiosity: martial arts enthusiast, James Coburn was a pupil of the great Bruce Lee, of whom he had the honour to carry the coffin at the funeral of 1973.
Biography of Marina Tsvetaeva
October 8, 1892
August 31, 1941
About Marina Tsvetaeva?
Paths, similar to me,eyes pointing down.
I've even lowered!
Passante, stop!
-Laws of buttercups
poppies and picked a bunch
-I'm calling Marina
and how old I was.
Don't think this is-a tomb,
I'm going to be threatening ...
I too liked
laugh when you can't!
And the blood flowed to the skin,
and my curls he wound ...
I exist, passing!
Passante, stop!
Ripping a stalk wild for you
and a Berry-soon after.
Nothing is thicker and sweeter
of a strawberry of the cemetery.
Just don't be so gloomy,
his head bent over his chest.
Think of me lightly
lightly forget me.
How you invest the sunshine!
You are all in a golden polverio ...
And that at least but you don't disturb
my voice of underground.
Marina Tsvetaeva, Russian poet and unlucky great, was born in Moscow, October 8, 1892 by Ivan Vladimirovich Cvetaev (1847-1913, art historian and philologist, creator and Director of the Rumyantsev Museum, Pushkin Museum) and his second wife, Marija Mejn, talented pianist, Polish on her mother's side. Marina spent her childhood, along with her younger sister Anastasia (Asja) and half-brothers Valerija and Andrej, sons of the father's first marriage, in an environment rich in cultural stresses. Only six years he began to write poetry.
Marina was first a teacher, then was enrolled at the gymnasium, then, when tuberculosis of his mother forced his family to long and frequent trips abroad, attended private institutions in Switzerland and Germany (1903-1905) back, finally, after 1906, in a gymnasium. The teenager was a character Tsvetaeva imperiously and rebellious autonomous; the studies would rather intense and passionate private readings: Pushkin, Goethe, Hölderlin, Heine, Hauff, Dumas-father, Rostand, Baskirceva, etc. In 1909 he moved to Paris to attend lessons in French literature at the Sorbonne. His first book, "Album", published in 1910, contained poems written between fifteen and seventeen. The book came out at his own expense and in limited, nevertheless it was noticed and reviewed by some of the most prominent poets of the time, such as Gumiliov, Briusov and Voloshin.
Voloshin, also introducing Tsvetaeva literary environments, particularly those gravitating around the publishing house "Musaget". In 1911 the poetess went for the first time in the famous Voloshin's House in Koktebel '. Literally, every Russian writer of Fame in the years 1910-1913 stayed at home at least once Voloshin, a sort of welcoming home-boarding school. But a central role in his life was Sergei Efron, an apprentice writer that Tsvetaeva met in Koktebel ' during his first visit. In a brief autobiographical note of 1939-40, so wrote: "in the spring of 1911 in Crimea of visitor poet Max Voloshin meeting my future husband, Sergey Efron. We have 17 and 18 years. I decide that I don't separarerò him ever again in my life and that I become your wife. " What that happened, even against the advice of her father.
Shortly thereafter appeared her second collection of poems, "magic lantern", and in 1913 "two books". Meanwhile, the September 5, 1912, was born the first daughter, Ariadna (Alja). The poems written from 1913 to 1915 were supposed to see the light in a volume, "Juvenilia", which remained unpublished during his lifetime of Tsvetaeva. The following year, after a trip to Petersburg (her husband had meanwhile enlisted as a volunteer on a train), he strengthened his friendship with Osip mandelshtam but soon fell in love with her, following her from St. Petersburg to Aleksandrov, then suddenly move away. The spring of 1916 in fact has become famous in literature thanks to verses by mandelshtam and Tsvetaeva.
During the February revolution of 1917 the Tsvetaeva was in Moscow and was therefore witness the bloody Bolshevik revolution of October. The second daughter, Irina, was born in April. Because of the civil war found herself separated from her husband, who joined, as an officer, to whites. Stuck in Moscow, I saw from 1917 to 19Twenty-five years, therefore, was left alone with two daughters in a Moscow in the throes of a terrible famine that never was. Terribly impractical, she could not keep the job that the party had "kindly". During the winter of 1919-20 was forced to leave his youngest daughter, Irina, in an orphanage, and she died there in February for malnutrition. When the civil war came to an end, Tsvetaeva was able again to get in touch with Sergei Erfron and agreed to join him in the West.
In May 1922 he emigrated and traveled to Prague via Berlin. The literary life in Berlin was very lively (about seventy Russian publishers), allowing ample opportunity to work. Despite his escape from the Soviet Union, his most famous collection of poems, "Versti" (1922) was published at home; in the early years the policy of the Bolsheviks in the literary field was still quite liberal to allow authors like Tsvetaeva to be published both in that country.
In Prague the Tsvetaeva lived happily with Efron from 1922 to 19In February 1923 he was born the third son, Mur fall, but left for Paris, where he spent with family the next fourteen years. Year after year, however, several factors contributed to a great poet and isolation resulted in exclusion.
But the Tsvetaeva did not yet know the worst of what was to come: Efron had indeed begun to partner with the GPU. Facts known to all, show that he took part in the stalking and murder of Trotsky's son, Andrei Sedov, and by Ignaty Rejs, a CHEKA agent. Efron went to hide in Republican Spain civil war, from where he departed for Russia. The authorities explained Cvetaeva and friends never knew nothing of her husband's activities, and refused to believe that her husband could be a murderer.
Increasingly steeped in misery, it was decided, also under pressure from children eager to revisit the country, to return to Russia. But despite some old friends and fellow writers came to say goodbye, for example Krucenich, quickly realized that in Russia there was no place there were chances of publication. The were procured of translation jobs, but where to stay and what to eat remained a problem. The others escaped. In the eyes of the Russians at the time she was a former emigrant, a traitor, a party that had lived in the West: all this in an atmosphere in which millions of people were exterminated without had committed anything, much less the alleged "crimes" as those who weighed on account of Tsvetaeva. Exclusion, therefore, you could consider all things considered the lesser of two evils.
In August 1939, however, his daughter was arrested and deported to the gulag. Even before her sister was. Then he was arrested and shot Efron, an "enemy" of the people but, above all, a man who knew too much. She sought help from the literati. When turned to the Almighty Fadeev, head of the Union of writers, he said to "companion Tsvetaeva" that in Moscow there was no place for her, and sent to Golitsyno. When the summer after the German invasion began, the Tsvetaeva was evacuated to Yelabuga, in Tataria Autonomous Republic, where lived moments of despair and gloom imaginable: he felt completely abandoned. The neighbors were the only ones that helped to put together the food rations.
After a few days went to the nearby town of Chistopol ', where other writers; Once there, he asked some writers as Fedin and Aseev to help her find a job and move from Elabuga. Not having received any help, returned in Elabuga. Mur complained of life they led, claimed a new dress but the money they had just enough for two loaves. Sunday 31 August 1941, was alone at home, the Tsvetaeva climbed on a Chair, turned around a rope and hanged himself. He left a note, then disappeared in the archives of the militia. None went to his funeral, which took place three days later in the City Cemetery, and you do not know the exact spot where she was buried.
Bibliography:
Letters to Ariadna Berg (1934-1939)
Friend
After Russia
Natalya Goncarova. Life and creation
Clues. Moscow diary (1917-19)
Poems
Sonechka's story
Accalappiatopi. Lyrical satire
Arianna
The secret closet-my Pushkin-Insomnia
Places deserts. Letters (1925-1941)
Country soul. Letters (1909-1925)
The poet and the time
Letter to the Cowgirl
Richard Gere biography
August 31, 1949
Who is Richard Gere?
The legendary actor sensuality, a type that the more it ages more sexy and attractive (so much so that in 1999, at the dawn of fifty years, the famous "People" magazine awarded him the title of "sexiest man on the planet"), Richard Gere was born in Syracuse, New York (USA), on 31 August 19The son of farmers, during high school he distinguished himself as a champion of gymnastics and trumpet player.Driven by strong curiosity and a willingness to research he enrolled at the Faculty of philosophy at the University of Massachusetts but shortly abandons to devote himself to his consuming passion: the theatre. By the time the acting becomes a full-time activity and Richard have a way to make ends meet with small companies that, although poor and dirty, give him the valuable opportunity to experiment and learn useful lessons.
Not surprisingly just the important opportunity the beautiful actor do you find ready. And in America, "occasion" in theatre, si sa, has a specific name: Broadway. The piece in which he happens to partner is "Grease", and the success was resounding. The step from there to the cinema is short. In 1975 he made his "report to the Chief of police" and two years later is masterful in outlining the portrait of a young libertine in "looking for Mr. Goodbar".
How has well written film criticism, from now onwards Gere «accuracy already what will be the essential characteristics of his characters in the future. Alto, face regular features, an athletic, henceforth will give life, mostly anti-heroes figures restless, often outsiders, with a strong sex appeal. After the first successes ("days of heaven", "bloodbrothers," "Yanks") reached international popularity in 1980, thanks to the excellent "American gigolo", as the new sex-symbol of the American cinema of the 80 's ".
But once consolidated in the star system figure gives it (in "an officer and a gentleman", "breathless", "the Honorary Consul", "Cotton club"), beginning with the actor. Heroic Swashbuckler in roles that too little is suited to these qualities ("King David"), Gere is soon crushed by his arrogant cliché-see unfortunate films such as "Power", "no mercy", "final analysis" (with Kim Basinger and Uma Thurman) but also the noir "dirty business" where Gere is lowered, for the first time, as "villain".
Will the unexpected resounding success of "Pretty woman" (with Julia Roberts) who will report to the honours, if not acting, art of the Chronicle. In 1991 he married the beautiful model Cindy Crawford: the two divorced after only four years.
Kurosawa has a good game to deliver into his hands a little character expert (self-serving) of a Japanese-American for "Rhapsody in August". If you don't persuade even in "Mr. Jones" or "Sommersby", greater credibility, though, comes with "love Trap". But we were always far from the definition of a real kind of actor.
Meanwhile, converts to Buddhism and travels to Asia. It is at the forefront in the fight against Aids. The accomplishments ("first Knight," "primal fear," "red corner", "runaway groom", "The Jackal", "Autumn in New York"). It will take a Director like Robert Altman and gave a performance (finally) inspired in "Dr. T and the women" (2000).
Linked to the actress Carey Lowell, in 2000 was born the son Homer James Jigme. The couple is then joined in marriage in 2002.
Among the most notable later films include the award-winning musical "Chicago" (2002, Rob Marshall, story by Bob Fosse, with Renee Zellweger and Catherine Zeta-Jones), "Shall We Dance?" (2004, with Susan Sarandon and Jennifer Lopez), "The Hunting Party" (2007), which tells of three journalists on the trail of elusive Karadzic, Bosnian war criminal which in reality would be arrested in 2008.
In 2009, she starred in the movie "Hachiko-your best friend", and "Amelia" chronicles the life and enterprise of Amelia Earhart (Hilary Swank).
Biography of Daniel Harding
Who is Daniel Harding?
Daniel Harding was born on 31 August 1975 in Oxford, Britain. After studying trumpet as a child, she just thirteen years in National Youth Work. At seventeen, forwards the recording of his performance of "Pierrot lunaire" by Arnold Schoenberg (together with a group of musicians) to director Simon Rattle: the latter choose to take it as an Assistant for the 1993-1994 season at the City of Birmingham Symphony Orchestra. Harding's talent is revealed immediately: Daniel, having attended the lectures of the first year of teaching at Cambridge University, he was chosen by Claudio Abbado, who wants him as an Assistant in Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra.The young Englishman in 23 years he directed the "Don Giovanni" by Mozart in the first staged the new Piccolo Teatro di Milano. After directing the German Chamber Orchestra and the Trondheim Symphony Orchestra, he made his debut at the Royal Opera House in London directing "the turn of the screw of Benjamin Britten, who sees protagonist at the Edinburgh International Festival. He became Director of the Mahler Chamber Orchestra, also takes the stage at La Fenice in Venice and at the Festival of Aix-en-Provence in France, where he directed "COSI fan tutte".
The 2005/2006 season of La Scala in Milan saw him direct the opening night of "Idomeneo" by w. a. Mozart, after the resignation of Riccardo Muti, but also a concert of Mahler Chamber Orchestra; before the audience, back in 2006 Scala with a concert of Filarmonica della Scala, and in later years with "Il prigioniero" by Luigi Dallapiccola, "Four adagios for recorder and orchestra" by Salvatore Sciarrino and "Duke Bluebeard's Castle" by Bela Bartok. Now, in the meantime, principal guest conductor of the London Symphony Orchestra, as well as Music Director of the Swedish Radio Symphony Orchestra, conductor in 2011 "Die Zauberfloete" at the Lucerne Festival, and "Cavalleria rusticana" with Claudio Sgura.
In 2012 was elected member of the Royal Swedish Academy of music, and awarded the title of Knight of the order of Arts and letters by the French Government.
In February 2013, takes the stage of the Teatro Ariston in Sanremo Festival, conducted by Fabio Fazio.
Manchester United fan, Daniel Harding is the father of two children, Adele and George, had from his ex-wife, the violist Beatrice Muthelet, from which it is separated in February 2011.
Enzo Iacchetti biography
August 31, 1952
Who is Enzo Iacchetti?
Enzo Iacchetti-real name is Vincent-born in Castelleone (Cremona) on August 31, 1952.He made his debut as a comedian in 1979 at the Derby Club of Milan, launching many artists place which obtained great reputation over the years.
Until 1985 Enzo appears to Derby with Constance staging shows with Francesco Salvi, Giorgio Faletti, Valdi, job Covatta, Malandrino and Veronica, I Gatti di Vicolo Miracoli.
Like many of his colleagues in television, where until the early 90 's he worked in numerous broadcasts from Rai, Mediaset and Telemontecarlo.
From 1986 to 1989 is among comedians "Sportacus" on Odeon TV, "play your game" and "Tiramisù" on Rai Due, "Bananas" on Telemontecarlo. In 1993 "Dido" Sunday on Italy 1 and in 1994 Italy "on" Firza Telemontecarlo, and "tour of Italy" on Italy 1.
In 1990 he began his collaboration with the Maurizio Costanzo Show, where he presented his poems and "bonsai", collected in an album in 1991.
In 1994 the well-known satirical leads tg 5 channel "Striscia la notizia", together with Ezio Greggio: the artistic partnership continues for many seasons, getting a resounding success.
In 1995 Iacchetti is testimonial of the Standa department stores. The following year with Lello Arena interprets the sit-com by Radonja "those two above Varano", and the tv movie "Come quando fuori piove" (directed by Bruno Gaburro) and "Da cosa nasce cosa" (directed by Andrea Manni).
Leads with Lorella Cuccarini "La stangata-Chi la fa l'aspetti!" (1995/1996).
Directed by Andrea Manni, produces and implements the "title" television program, which is the absolute protagonist. Again with Ezio Greggio is the protagonist of "blessed by the Lord", a four-part series which in 2004 was awarded a Telegatto.
From 2004 to 2007 she starred with Natalia Estrada of the sit-com "mammo".
From 1998 to 2001 participates occasionally as a guest on "Quelli che il calcio" on Raidue.
From 2001 to 2006 she lives a romance with Maddalena Corvaglia, former tissue of "Striscia la Notizia", known in this context.
In autumn 2008 she starred in the sitcoms on Italy 1 "Medici miei" with Giobbe Covatta, while in 2009 debuted as a singer with the disc "I apologise to Mr Gaber" disc of covers of songs by Giorgio Gaber ricantate with new arrangements, released on 16 October.
Are also numerous and valuable theatrical experience of Enzo Iacchetti. Just to mention a few: two farces produced by Theatre of Milan Filodrammarici by Dario Fo, in the 1989/1990;
"Too much" (1991, by Enzo Iacchetti); "Puccini music comic show" (1993, with Antonio Albanese); "Gulliver", for voice and wind monologue based on the artwork of Jonathan Swift (1994); "Laughter at 23° piano" (1999/2000, by Neil Simon); "Play it again, Sam" (2001/2002, by Woody Allen); "The producers" (2005/2006, by Mel Brooks).
Biography of Carlo Maria Martini
February 15, 1927
August 31, 2012
Who is Carlo Maria Martini?
Carlo Maria Martini was born in Turin on February 15, 19In 1944 he joined the society of Jesus (Societas Iesu in Latin, also known as the Jesuits), one of the largest congregations of the Roman-Catholic Church (founded by Saint Ignatius of Loyola). He studied at the Social Institute, the school of the Jesuits in Turin, and became a Catholic priest on July 13, 1952, ordered for the occasion by Cardinal Maurilio Fossati.He graduated in theology at the Pontifical Gregorian University in 1958, with a doctoral dissertation entitled "The historical problem of the resurrection in recent studies"; then follows a Bachelor's degree in Scripture at the Pontifical biblical Institute, during the early 1960s.
Carlo Maria Martini became rector of the Pontifical biblical Institute in 1969; will hold this position until 1978, when he will drive for two years as Rector, the Pontifical Gregorian University.
At the end of 1979 he was appointed Archbishop of Milan by Pope John Paul II; Martini is consecrated Bishop a few weeks later, on January 6, 19It proclaimed Cardinal on February 2, 19Since then becomes very intense his pastoral activity, so much so that many believe is a possible candidate to become the next Pope when John Paul II senior increasingly manifested the signs of his disease.
In 1986 he was appointed Knight Grand Cross order of merit of the Italian Republic.
Martini retires in July 2002; Decides to spend most of his time in Jerusalem, where he chooses to live in order to devote himself to biblical studies.
In his ecclesiastical career, he was President of the Council of European Episcopal Conferences from 1986 to 19As a cardinal he participated in the 2005 papal conclave, which elected Pope Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger (Pope Benedict XVI). On that occasion the name of Carlo Maria Martini has been shown by the media as what would have been advocated as an alternative to Cardinal Ratzinger; According to media reports, focusing on Martini, it was expected to choose a Pope with wider views and open to modernity.
In 2002 he received an honorary doctorate in education science from Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore of Milan. In 2006 the Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele's Martini bestowed upon him an honorary doctorate in medicine. In June 2006 the Hebrew University of Jerusalem Martini bestowed upon him an honorary doctorate in philosophy.
From February 15, 2007, upon completion of the 80th year of age, they are deprived of all his offices in the Roman Curia (this is provided by the Motu Proprio Ingravescentem aetatem "of Paul VI of 1970). Martini is not therefore part of the Permanent Council of the Italian Bishops ' Conference. Continues to belong, such as Archbishop Emeritus, the Lombard Bishops.
There are numerous writings by Carlo Maria Martini: these range from biblical-Exegetical research, conferences and speeches, to the pastoral and the written transcription of seals during meditation retreats and spiritual exercises.
Long time sufferer of Parkinson's at the College of Aloisianum dies Gallarate (Varese) where he was receiving treatment on August 31, 2012, at the age of 85 years.
Maria Montessori biography
August 31, 1870
May 6, 1952
Who is Maria Montessori?
Maria Montessori was born in Chiaravalle (Ancona) on August 31, 1870 from a bourgeois average family. He spent his childhood and youth in Rome where he decides to undertake scientific studies to become an engineer, a career which at that time was definitely off-limits to women. Her parents would have wanted housewife, like most women of her generation.Thanks to his obstinacy and the burning desire to study, Maria manages to bend the dullness of the family, tearing the consent to registration for the Faculty of medicine where he graduated in 1896 with a degree in psychiatry.
To be well aware of which had cost her effort this kind of choice and what sacrifices he had to undertake, suffice it to say that, in 1896, became the first doctor in Italy. From here you also understand how professional environments in General, especially those related to medicine, were dominated by men, many of them displaced and disoriented, the arrival of this new "creation", took her game even to threaten her. An attitude that unfortunately had a severe impact on the soul is strong yet sensitive of Montessori, who began to hate men or at least exclude it from his life so much that will never come to get married.
The first steps of his extraordinary career, that will become a real symbol and an icon of philanthropy, see struggling with disabled children, of which you take loving care and that will remain attached for the rest of his life, dedicating all their professional efforts.
Around 1900 he began work at the asylum of Roman s. Maria della Pietà where adults mentally ill were children with behavior disorders, or who are locked up and treated like other mentally ill adults and serious emotional abandonment.
The great doctor, in addition to the profusion of love and human attention that gives these poor creatures, it is soon realize, thanks to his perspicacity and sensitivity, mentioned that the teaching method used with this type of "patients" is incorrect, is not suited to their physical and mental capacities and needs.
After numerous attempts, years of observations and field tests, Montessori comes to develop a new and innovative method of teaching for children with disabilities. One of the basic concepts of this method (still sinking its roots within the evolution of the educational philosophy), is centered on the fact that children have different growth phases within which are more or less likely to learn a few things for neglecting the other. From here so a consequential differentiation of curricula and learning, "calibrated" the real possibility of the child. It is a process that may seem obvious today, but it required an evolution of pedagogical approaches and careful reflection, within this, thinking about what is or is not a child, and what characteristics such a creature, in fact, has.
The result of this cognitive effort brings the doctor to develop a teaching method totally different from any other in use at the time. Instead of traditional methods that included reading and recitation from memory, educates children through the use of specific instruments, which gives much better results. Is this extraordinary teaching revolutionized by the very meaning of the word "store", a word that not more related to a rational process of assimilation and/or cerebral purposes, but conveyed through the empirical use of senses, which involve obviously touch and manipulate objects.
The results are so surprising that even in a controlled trial from experts and from Montessori, disabled children receive a score higher than those considered normal. But if the vast majority of people would be deemed to have been met by such a result, this is not true for Maria Montessori and vice versa has a propulsive new idea (from which we can assess its exceptional thickness). The initial question that arises is: "Because normal children cannot benefit from the same approach?". That done, open a "children's House" in the suburbs of Rome, one of his earliest centers.
Here's what he writes, by the way, a document drawn up by the same Montessori Institute: "Maria Montessori the question of children with severe deficiency you had to solve educational processes and not with medical treatments. For the Montessori teaching methods were irrational because it stifled the potential of substantially child instead of helping them and make them stand out and later develop.
Thus the education of the senses as preparatory time for the development of intelligence, because the child's education, in the same way as the disability or deficiency, must rely on sensitivity since the psyche of each other is all sensitivity.
Montessori material educates the child-correction of the error on the part of the child and also the control of error without the teacher (or leader) should intervene to correct.
The child is free in the choice of material takes practice so everything must arise from spontaneous interest of the child. So education becomes a process of self-education and self-control ".
Maria Montessori was also an author and has exposed its methods and its principles in numerous books. In particular, in 1909 publishes "the scientific pedagogy", translated into many languages, will give the Montessori method a global resonance.
He lived in various parts of Europe before returning to Italy, after the fall of fascism and the end of World War II.
May 6, 1952 dies in Noordwijk, in the Netherlands, near the North Sea. His work lives on through the hundreds of schools established in his name in the most diverse parts of the globe. The epitaph on his tombstone reads: "I pray dear children, who can all join me for peace-building in men and in the world".
During the 90 's, his face was depicted on banknotes from Italian Mille Lire, replacing that of Marco Polo, and pending the entry into force of the single European currency.
Biography of Luca di Montezemolo
August 31, 1947
About Luca di Montezemolo?
Luca Cordero di Montezemolo was born in Bologna on August 31, 19The compound surname is clear immediately that his are noble origins: following the abolition of titles and noble privileges enshrined in the Constitution of Italy with the advent of the Republic, the surname "Cordero di Montezemolo" incorporates age part of the original title ("di Montezemolo"), added after the original family surname.He studied at the University of Rome "La Sapienza" where he obtained a law degree in 19After studying international law frequantando Columbia University in New York.
The future President and Italian industrial enters Ferrari in 1973 as an Assistant to Enzo Ferrari; now he serves as head of the racing team.
It's the 1977 Ferrari when he leaves to become head of external relations of FIAT; later, ceo of ITEDI, the holding company that controls the newspaper "La Stampa" in addition to other publishing activities of the FIAT group.
Then in 1982 became ceo of Cinzano International, Ifi society; It is also responsible for the Organization of participation in the America's Cup with Azzurra yacht Challenge.
In 1984 Luca Cordero di Montezemolo is Director General of the Organizing Committee of the World Cup by Italy ' 90.
Back to Ferrari in 1991 as President and Chief Executive Officer, a position he will hold for a long time with great passion for sports as well as managerial wisdom.
Under his leadership (and that of Michael Schumacher) the Ferrari Formula 1 team came back to win the World Championship in 2000, first time since 1979 (in 1999 the team won the constructors ' Championship, first time since 1983).
In the mid-90 's well known was his relationship with Edwige Fenech.
In 2004 the Financial Times quotes among the fifty best Montezemolo manager in the world.
He is also the founder of "Charme", with the financial fund which has acquired "Poltrona Frau" in 2003 and "Ballantyne" in 2004.
The Modena University awarded him an honorary degree in mechanical engineering, and the Fondazione CUOA di Vicenza in an integrated company Management.
In the past he has held the positions of President of FIEG (Federazione Italiana Editori Giornali) and degli Industriali della Provincia di Modena, Member of the Board of Directors of Unicredit Banca, TF1, ceo of RCS Video.
From May 27, 2003 and until March 2008 is the President of Confindustria, that role will be filled by Emma Marcegaglia.
Montezemolo is still President of Maserati (since 1997), President of FIAT (from 2004 to 2010), the international fair of Bologna and the Libera Università Internazionale degli Studi Sociali (Luiss), is a member of the Board of Directors of the newspaper La Stampa, PPR (Pinault/Printemps Redoute), Tod's, Indesit Company, Campari and Bologna football. It is also related to the Catholic cardinal Andrea Cordero Lanza di Montezemolo, elected by Pope Benedict XVI in 2006.
In 2010 leaves the Presidency of Fiat in favour of John Elkann, 34-year-old Vice President, Margherita Agnelli's eldest son and her first husband, Alain Elkann. Four years later, in November 2014, leaves the Presidency of Ferrari: his successor becomes Sergio Marchionne, ceo of Fiat already Chrysler.
Biography of Diana Spencer
July 1, 1961
August 31, 1997
Who is Diana Spencer?
Diana Spencer was born on July 1, 1961 at Parkhouse right near the Royal residence of Sadringham.Diana suffers from the lack of the mother: the mother is often absent and neglects his family.
Not only that, but Lady Frances Roche, Bounke his name, leaving only has when Diana Parkhouse six years to live with a wealthy landowner, Peter Shaud Kidd.
At twelve years of age shall be entered Diana secondary schools at the Institute of West Heoth in Kent; shortly after leaving the beloved residence of Parkhouse and moved in the castle of Althorp in the County of Northamptonshire. The family of Spencer, in hindsight, is even more ancient and noble than that of Windsor ... Lord John's father becomes the eighth Earl of Althorp. His son Charles became Viscount and the three sisters Diana, Sarah and Jane are elevated to the rank of Lady.
When the future Princess turns sixteen years on the occasion of a dinner for the visit of the Queen of Norway meets the Prince of Wales but between the two, at the moment it clicks No Thunderbolt. Only a desire to deepen their knowledge. Meanwhile, as is normal, the young Diana, in an attempt to lead a life as close as possible, as much as possible, to that of its peers (it is still far from imagine that instead, even Princess and pretender to the throne of England), moved to an apartment of Coleherm Court, a residential suburb of London. Of course, this is not a poor apartment and low-level, but still a prestigious House.
In any event, this inner desire to "normal" causes it to seek independence and trying to get away with his forces. Fits not too prestigious jobs such as waitress and babysitter, and to share his home with three other students. Between a job and the other also finds time to devote to kindergarten two blocks from his home.
The company of other girls has a positive effect in all directions. Thanks to their help and psychological support that Lady Diana confronts the courtship of Charles, the Prince of Wales met at the party. In fact, on these first stages of contradictory rumors abound: there are those who say that the most enterprising was him, while others claim it was she brought forth the true work of courtship.
However, the two are engaged and, within a short time, get married. The ceremony is one of the most anticipated media events of the globe, and also to the strong presence of high ranking personalities from around the world. In addition, the couple's age difference can only raise inevitable gossip. Almost ten years separate Prince Charles from Princess Diana: her 22-year-old just out of adolescence. Him: 33 already started to maturity. On July 29, 1981, in St. Paul's Cathedral, defendants are sovereigns, heads of State and all of society observed international media eyed by more than 800 million viewers.
And also the follow-up of the Royal retinue, people of flesh and blood that will follow the car with the couple, is not far behind: along the path that the coach takes, there are something like two million people!
After the ceremony, Diana is officially her Royal Highness the Princess of Wales and later Queen of England.
Due to its informal behavior, Lady D (as dubbed by tabloids with a touch of fairy tales), enter now in the heart of the subjects and the whole world. Unfortunately the marriage goes as so well as the pictures of the ceremony left hope, indeed, is clearly in crisis. Even the birth of her sons William and Harry can save a marriage already compromised.
Reconstructing the chronological plan this complex Web of events we see that already in September 1981 is officially announced that the Princess was pregnant but between the two had already crept from time Camilla Parker-Bowles, a former partner of Charles Prince has never ceased to attend and whose Lady D is (rightly, as you'll see later) quite jealous. Such is the State of tension of the Princess, its degree of unhappiness and resentment that attempts suicide several times, with shapes ranging from nervous disorder to bulimia.
In December 1992 is officially announced the separation. Lady Diana moved to Kensington Palace, while Prince Charles lives at Highgrove. In November 1995 Diana gives an interview on television. He talks about his unhappiness and his relationship with Charles.
Charles and Diana divorced on August 28, 19In years of marriage, Diana he made several official visits. He went to Germany, in the United States, Pakistan, Switzerland, Hungary, Egypt, Belgium, France, South Africa, and Zimbabwe. in Nepal. There are numerous charitable activities and solidarity where in addition to lend their image, actively engages with the example.
After separating Lady D continues to appear next to the Royal family in the official celebrations. The 1997 is the year when Lady Diana actively supports the campaign against anti-personnel mines.
Meanwhile, after a series of unspecified flirt, takes shape the relationship with Dodi al Fayed, billionaire Arab Muslim. Is not one of the usual head shots but a real love. If the report is done in something official on an institutional level, commentators argue that this would be a blow to the already shaky British Crown.
It's just as the "couple of scandal" attempts to sow the paparazzi that is the terrible accident in the Alma tunnel in Paris: both, at the end of a summer spent together, lose their lives. It's the August 31, 1997.
An unrecognizable, with armoured Mercedes inside the bodies of travelers, is recovered after the frightening accident.
The Princess's body is buried in a tiny Islet in the middle of an oval pond landscaping his home at Althorp Park, about 130 kilometers Northwest of London.
Since then, even after many years, regularly follow hypothesis to explain the incident. Someone even suspects that the Princess was pregnant at that time: the fact that the Prince William would have had a Muslim half-brother, would be considered a real scandal for the Royal family. This like other hypotheses means often point to the presence of plots, creating an increasingly dense air of mystery around each other. To date, investigations do not stop: it seems unlikely that it will come one day to know the whole truth.
Sources: Biografieonline.it