Biography of Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz… George Washington… John Calvin… Evo Morales…

Biography of Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz - Gottfried Leibniz

(1646/07/01 - 1716/11/14)

Gottfried Leibniz
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz
Philosopher, mathematician and German statesman

Born 1 July 1646 in Leipzig, (Germany). Son of a Professor of philosophy.
He studied in universities in his city with just fifteen years, where known thought Aristotelian, Platonic , and scholastic, as well as the philosophy of Descartes, then continue them in Jena and Altdorf. In 1666 he was awarded a doctorate in laws, in addition to working for Johann Philipp von Schönborn, elector Archbishop of Mainz. He declined the offer to devote himself to teaching at the University and oriented his life to political and diplomatic career.
In 1673 he moved to Paris, where he spent three years and also visitedAmsterdam and London, where he dedicated himself to the study of the mathematics, science , and philosophy. In 1676 locks as librarian and counselor privately at the Court of Hanover and up to the date of his death was in the service of Ernesto Augusto, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, later elector of Hanover, and Jorge Luis, elector of Hanover, after Jorge I, King of Great Britain.
His contribution to the world of mathematics consisted of enumerate in 1675 the fundamental principles of the infinitesimal calculus. In 1672 he invented a calculating machine capable of multiply, divide, and extract square roots. In his philosophical show, the universe is composed of innumerable conscious spiritual force or energy centres, known as Monads. Every Monad represents a single microcosm, which reflects the universe in various degrees of perfection and they evolve independently of the rest of the monads. The universe made up of these Monads is the harmonious result of a divine plan. Humans, however, with his limited vision, cannot accept the existence of illnesses and death as part of universal harmony. This Universe of Leibniz, "the best of all possible worlds", is lampooned as a utopia by the French author Voltaire in his novel Candide (1759).
His philosophical works include: Essays of theodicy on the goodness of God, the freedom of man and the origin of evil (1710), Monadology (1714; published in latin as Principia Philosophiae, 1721), and new Treaty on human understanding (1703; pub. 1765).
Gottfried Leibniz died 14 November 1716 in Hanover.

Biography of George Washington

(1732/02/22 - 1799/12/14)

George Washington
First President of United States

Nothing can more deserve our patronage than the promotion of science and literature. Knowledge is the most secure base of public happiness in all countries.
George Washington
He was born February 22, 1732, in the bosom of a wealthy family of English origin, established in America since the mid century XVII in Wakefield, Westmoreland, Virginia.
He was son of the second marriage of his father with Mary Ball, middle-class family. Orphaned at a young age, was protected by his brother Lawrence and received an elementary education.
From the age of 14 he revealed interest in the career of arms. He studied at rural schools. Child also flashed by his great love of sports. Serious, introverted and methodical, highlighted by his determined spirit. He was official inspector of Culpeper County from the year 1749. In 1753 he was Assistant of the Southern District of Virginia. It was commissioned by the Lieutenant Governor of Virginia to transmit the ultimatum to the French troops to cease their raids in the OhioRiver Valley. He subsequently commanded the protection workers who built a Fort at the forks of the Ohio River. When the French expelled workers and renamed the place asFort Duquesne, he entrenched along with his men at Fort Necessity. A French assault forced him to accept the terms of surrender and had to go with what was left of his company.
In May 1755 he enlisted to serve as aide-de-camp of the British general Edward Braddock. In August 1755 he was chosen to command the regiment of Virginia. After the death of his half-brother mayor Lawrence, inherited the family plantation in Mount Vernon. In 1759 he married an owns a large plot widow named Martha Custis, although his great love was Sally Cary, an idealistic woman, permanently at his side in the cause for independence. He could not love it publicly because she was married to his friend George Fairax.
He was elected member of the lower House of Virginia in 1758, where he served for 17 years, also served as Justice of the peace for the County of Fairfax. In July 1774, he chaired a meeting in Alexandria which adopted the 'Resolutions Fairfax', which established a blockade on British imports. In 1775, Congress appointed him Commander in Chief of the newly created Continental Army, hoping thereby attract Virginia the struggle initiated by New England against Great Britain. After expelling the British from Boston, moved to New York, where he was defeated in August of 1776 by general William Howe. Washington crossed the Delaware River on the night of December 25, 1776 and took Trenton. He defeated British troops at the battle of PrincetonJanuary 3, 1777. He tried to get it, block the advance of Howe to Philadelphia at the battle of Brandywine Creek. When the city is occupied by the British, he fought a battle at Germantown, but the superiority of the enemy forced him to retire. Together with his men he spent the following winter in Valley Forge.
He spent two years with his army camped around New York. In 1780 become French troops under the command of the Comte de Rochambeau and together move 7,000 men, from the State of New York to Virginia in less than five weeks. The joint army which joined La Fayette, and 36 French ships were deployed on the coast to prevent that Yorktown would receive aid by sea. Washington forced Cornwallis to surrender in October after a brief siege.
In 1783 he returned to Mount Vernon to devote himself to his plantation. Washington and other nationalists of Virginia organized the Constitutional Convention of 1787 and it was named its President. It was a decisive part in the independence of the country, under its mandate, the United States formed a political and economic entity with broad perspectives and thanks to his skills of organizing and to its neutrality, the young American nation strengthened the foundations that would allow him to rise to the level of great power. Their attendance at the Constitutional Convention and its support for the ratification of the Constitution had great importance for the State Convention of 1787 and 1788, and became the leading candidate for the Presidency of the United States to Washington. He was elected President in 1788 and again in 1792, he presided over the training and initial operations of the new Government.
As first President of the United States, George Washington ruled a stylish federalist. When Pennsylvania farmers refused to pay a federal tax on liquor, Washington mobilized an army of 15,000 men stop to quell the Whiskey Rebellion. With the appointment as Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton and Thomas Jefferson as Secretary of State, put the two figures most qualified and relevant of the revolutionary generation in positions of greater responsibility. The deterioration of relations with France (1793) marks the starting point of his political decline. He was unable to prevent that the United States knew also a crisis with England, country, conditioned by the struggle in Europe, started the confiscation of vessels to the detriment of American trade. Strong for neutrality, tried to solve the crisis by diplomacy and sent to London to John Jay, who signed the Treaty that bears his name (1794) with the former metropolis. Jay not defended with energy American interests and granted broad concessions to England; that is why this agreement was the decisive argument which stressed the opposition against him and that induce him not to present their candidacy in the presidential election, 1795.
Diminished in its political prestige, once read his message of farewell (September 1796), he walked away from public life. He returned to active duty military, already old, when, on the occasion of the State of undeclared war with the France of the Board, returned to appoint him Commander in Chief of the army (1798). Considered national hero, the great Smith of independence and of the State, retired in 1797 at Mount Vernon, where he died on December 14, 1799.
The same George Washington, on one occasion, interpreted the meaning of the flag in these terms: "we take the stars of the sky, the Red from our mother country, separating it with white stripes to thus indicate that us we have separated, and the white stripes will elapse to the posterity as a symbol of freedom. The new ensign was hoisted for the first time the strong Stanwix, site of the current city of Rome, New York State, August 3, 1777. Three days later, he had his baptism of fire at the battle of Oriskany, New York, where colonists forced the British to withdraw.

Biography of John Calvin

(1509/07/10 - 1564/05/27)

John Calvin
French theologian

He was born July 10, 1509 in Noyon (France).
He trained for the priesthood at the Collège de la Marche and at the Collège de Montaigue. As his father wanted Calvin to be devoted to the right instead of to the theology, also joined the University of Orléans and Bourgues. It undertook studies on the Greek Bible and in 1532 he published a comment on De Clementia of Seneca.
Its association with Cop, who had just been elected rector of the University of Paris, forcing both to flee when Cop announced its support in 1535 to Martin Luther. In 1536, published the first edition of its Christianae Religionis Institutio, and in that same year visit Geneva.
Guillaume Farel invited him to participate in the reform movement of the city and remained there until 1538, when the town voted against Farel. In Strasbourg, he becomes engaged to widow Idelette de Bure. They had a son who died in infancy. Also there he published the first of many reviews on the books of the Bible.
In 1541, he returned to Geneva where he remained the rest of his life. Protestantism -Calvinism- Calvin-funded system was expression of the claims of the bolder part of the bourgeoisie of the time. The Foundation of Calvinism lies in the doctrine according to which certain persons are predestined by God «salvation», and others, to «damnation». Calvinism it legitimized the bourgeois spirit of enterprise at the time of the primitive accumulation. This is expressed in the fact that they declare as cardinal virtues Temperance and saving, and is preconizase the observation of a regime of civil asceticism.
His wife died in 1549, and not remarried. Although it received House and a salary from the Government, it had no official position and not became a citizen of Geneva until 1559. He was the editor of the draft of the new Ordinances that the Government would change and would suit as Constitution of Geneva. In 1559 he inaugurated the Academy with Theodore Beza as rector, who was soon to become a true University.
Approved the condemnation of the bonfire of Servetus when scientific Catholic and Unit was captured in the city. He was composer of hymns and composed an influential catechism, hundreds of letters to fellow reformist, and reviews of almost all the books of the Bible. Because of his poor health, he suffered from chronic asthma and colds.
John Calvin died in Geneva on May 27, 1564.

Biography of Evo Morales

(1959/10/26 - Unknown)

Juan Evo Morales Ayma
Politician, President of Bolivia

He was born on October 26, 1959 in Oruro Department in an aymara peasant family.
He was one of the seven sons of Dionisio Morales shock and María Ayma, only he and his brothers, Esther and Hugo, overcame childhood. His mother almost died from a postpartum hemorrhage after birth. He lived in a traditional House of adobe and grew up speaking aymara.
In his childhood and his adolescence worked herding llamas, sheep shearing and as a farmer. At age 16 he already showed his skills of leading as technical director of the football team of their canton and organizer of sporting competitions. He was also a trumpeter of the Imperial band of Oruro.
With the relocation of miners and the signing of the Decree 21060 in the 80's, Morales and his family migrated to it Chapare, in the tropics of Cochabamba. It started as a leader in 1981 Secretary of sports of a Cochabamba agrarian Union ; in 1985 was Secretary general of a central campesina.
Elected President of the Andean Council of Coca producers in 1993, and in 1994 leader of the Confederation of Coca producers in the Cochabamba tropics, Morales became spokesperson for the rights of coca producers. In 1997, year in which the former dictator Hugo Bánzer returned to the Presidency, participated in the elections as a candidate of United Left (IU) and was elected Deputy national.
Morales left IU and formed in 1999 the MAS (movement toward socialism); He led marches of coca growers to the city of La Paz, and organized three strong peasant blockades in the Chapare it. The 'water war' in April 2000, in which participated along with other leaders in the expulsion of Cochabamba for the transnational (Aguas del Tunari, composed of companies as Bechtel) was seen as the first major victory against the neoliberal model anti-globalization forces. Soon after, the Government Libya 's Gaddafi would deliver you its most prestigious award , with 48 thousand dollars.
At the beginning of 2002, by clashes between military and growers in the province Sacaba (in Cochabamba) Congress accuses him of inciting violence and what it desaforara. It was presented as a presidential candidate in the elections of June 2002. In August 2005, the most unanimously approved the presidential candidacy of its leader, Evo Morales Ayma.
December 18, 2005, won by absolute majority of the general election. Aware of his triumph, he said to his supporters in the central city of Cochabamba that "new history of Bolivia" has begun and thanked his victory to all those who have supported him. Visibly moved, he said that with his victory "the struggle for natural resources" to change our history starts. "We have already won. Aymara, Quechua, chiquitanos and Guarani for the first time are Presidents,"he said to the ecstatic cheers from his supporters. Morales called for social and political movements in Latin America to rebuild "the big country" imagined by Simón Bolívar and the "Tawantinsuyu" of the Inca Empire. Although also promised an inclusive Government that "never extorsionará to anyone who wants to invest in our country".
The first to recognize the triumph of Morales was his main rival in the elections, the conservative Jorge "Tuto" Quiroga, of the democratic and Social power (we can). "I congratulate public and openly for its performance to don Evo Morales and Álvaro García Linera, candidates of the MAS (movement toward socialism), by their election results", said the conservative candidate in a speech to the nation.
On January 22, 2006, Evo Morales became the 65th President of Bolivia, the first indigenous, with the promise of "refound" the poorest nation in South America after five years of political instability and violent popular uprisings. Before ten Presidents and heads of State, he was invested by the Congress one day after having been proclaimed leading Bolivian indigenous peoples.
On 1 May 2006, decreed the definitive nationalisation resources oil and gas in the country. In relation to the Arab-Israeli conflict, Evo Morales supports Arab or Muslim Governments in the area in their conflict with Israel, even to define the President of Iran, Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, as "revolutionary companion and brother".
August 10, 2008, it was subjected to a recall referendum along with eight State Governors and ratified in his post by getting 67% of the votes. January 25, 2009 referendum to ratify the new Constitution had a participation of 90,26%. The Magna Carta was passed with 2.064.397 votes, corresponding to 61,43% of the total.
December 6, 2009 presidential elections were held and Evo Morales managed the re-election, assuming office on January 22, 2010.
On October 9, 2014 won with a wide margin the presidential elections for a third term and appeared on the balcony of the Government Palace to celebrate his electoral victory, which he dedicated to Cuban leader Fidel Castro, to the late Venezuelan President Hugo Chávez, before a crowd and all "anti-imperialist" Governments of the world. To govern Bolivia from 2015 to 2020 in a third term, become President that more time has been in power in the Andean country.
To not be married, his older sister Esther Morales Ayma, assumed the role of first lady. He is father of two children by different mothers, Eva Liz Morales Alvarado and Alvaro Morales walls.