Biography of John XXIII - Angelo Giuseppe Roncalli… Sophocles… Violeta Parra… Carl Gauss - Karl Friedrich Gauss…
Biography of John XXIII
(1881/11/25 - 1963/06/03)
John XXIII
Angelo Giuseppe Roncalli
Papa 1958-1963
He was born on November 25, 1881 in Sotto il Monte, near Bergamo.Descendant of a deeply Catholic, humble peasant family and at the same time very numerous: were thirteen siblings, of which he was the third.
He studied in Bergamo and Rome.
In the year 1904 was ordered priest.
He returned to his native city as Secretary of the Bishop, Giacomo Radini-Tedeschi. Professor of ecclesiastical history in the Diocesan Seminary. During World War I he was a medical Sergeant and later chaplain. In 1921 he collaborated in the reorganisation of the society for the propagation of the faith, and in 1925 he traveled to Bulgaria as a representative of the Pope. He worked (1933-1944) as Apostolic Delegate in Turkey and Greece. In World War II , he helped in the rescue of Jews from Hungary and in 1944 he was elected as a diplomat of papal nuncio in France.
Cardinal and Patriarch of Venice (Archbishop) in 1953. Deceased Pope Pius XII, on October 28, 1958 was elected Pope, when he was 77 years old. His biggest successes were the convocation of the Second Vatican Council in order to carry out the renewal of religious Catholic life thanks to the modernization (aggiornamento) of education, discipline and the Organization of the Church, as well as encourage the unification of Christians, extend the ecclesiastical ecumenism and enable the approach to other faiths. Their little speeches at the Council (which was completed after his death) supported the movement for change to which the majority of the delegates was favourable.
He wrote seven encyclicals, including Mater et magistra (1961), which emphasizes individual dignity as a basis of social institutions, and Pacem in terris (1963), which urged international cooperation for peace and justice, and to the commitment of the church became interested in the problems of all mankind. In 1960 created the Secretariat for the promotion of Christian Unity, with contacts with the Orthodox Church, with leaders Protestant, with the World Council of churches, and for his promotion of dialogue with the Jews.
His works include a study of five volumes on san Carlos Borromeo. His diaries, published under the title of Journal of a soul (1965) and letters to your family (1969), exposed the deep simplicity and humility of their spiritual life.
Pope John XXIII died on June 3, 1963 at the Vatican.
The blessed San Juan XXIII and San Juan Pablo II were inscribed in the book of the Saints. The father Francisco presided over the ceremony of canonization of two of his predecessors. The Pope proclaimed Saints to his two great predecessors of the 20th century, which, from that moment, called San Juan Pablo II and San Juan XXIII. They were 10:15 in the morning of the divine mercy Sunday, April 27, 2014.
Biography of Sophocles
(Unknown - Unknown)
Sophocles
Athenian dramatist
He was born in Settler riding (today part of Athens). His father was Sofilo, a builder of armor.He was a friend of the historian Herodotus and the statesman Pericles. He held several positions in the City Government: strategist on two occasions (441 and 428 B.c.) and probulo in 413 BC. In 468 BC, at the age of 28, he beat Aeschylus, whose prominence as a tragic poet was indisputable until the dramatic competition. In 441 BC, he was defeated by Euripides in one of dramatic contests that were held in Athens. From 468 BC, he won first prize on 20 occasions, and in others the second.
Author of more than 100 dramatic pieces, of which seven complete tragedies and fragments of other 1990s are preserved. Preserved works are Antigone, Oedipus Rex, Electra, Ayax, Las Traquinias, Philoctetes and Oedipus at Colonus. The oldest of these seven tragedies is AJAX (c. 451-444 BC). Followed by Antigone and the Traquinias (post-441 BC). Edipo Rey and Electra date from the 430-415 BC
He is considered the greatest of the Greek dramatists, for its expressive balance. He made numerous contributions to the dramatic technique, and two important innovations: the introduction of a third actor in scene and break with the fashion of the Trilogies, imposed by Aeschylus. The dramatic action is conceived by Sophocles as a conflict of wills. He created stage decoration by inventing the painted decoration.
Sophocles died, with nearly 90 years, in 406 BC in Athens, it is said that by the impression that it was good news.
Biography of Violeta Parra
(04/10/1917 - 1967/02/05)
Violeta Parra
Chilean composer and singer
She was born, already armed with two significant teeth, on October 4, 1917, in San Carlos, province of Ñuble, South of Chile. Daughter of a music teacher and a peasant, Clarisa Sandoval Navarrete, of whom violet remembered his love of peasant songs. She had been previously married to a cousin, marriage with Marta and Olga were born. After being widowed, Clarisa married Nicanor Parra, father of violet. Had eight siblings, plus other two half brothers, sons of his mother. Several of them recognized poets and singers, as well as their children and grandchildren. His childhood was spent in the field. Nicanor Parra taught to sing all his children.With morning and evening cantatas presided over by his father, violet is devoted to song, making him the passion of his life. However, the mother opposed this dedication that moved the studios. He received primary education and completed two years at the Normal School of Santiago. When he was nine years old he began on guitar and singing; at age twelve, he composed his first songs.
He worked in circuses, bars, recreational farms, and small rooms in neighborhood. In 1952 he married with Luis Cereceda, who had their children Isabel and Ángel, who carry out much of his musical work. Since this year of 1952, animated by his brother Nicanor, runs through rural areas recording and collecting folk music. This research makes to discover poetry and popular song from the most varied Chilean sites becoming a recuperadora of popular culture.
She is the author of songs, tenths, and instrumental music. It is also a painter, sculptor, embroidery and ceramist. In 1954 it goes through the Soviet Union and Europe staying two years in France, where he recorded his first albums with folk and original songs. Meet European artists and intellectuals. In Santiago he exhibited his oils at the fair of plastic arts outdoor. In 1961 he made a tour with their children invited to the Festival of the youths in Finland. They travel by the Soviet Union, Germany, Italy and France where they remain in Paris for three years. Operating in the boites of the Latin Quarter and programmes for radio and television; recitals in UNESCO, theatre of the United Nations; concerts in Geneva and exhibitions of his plastic work. In 1965 in Switzerland made a documentary about his life. In Chile sings with his children in the Peña of the Parras, in the calle Carmen 340 in Santiago, it opens the Art Center in a tent; recorded albums of instrumental music. He traveled to Bolivia in 1966, offers concerts in regions of the South of Chile.
On February 5, 1967, in Santiago de Chile, depressed and alone, he shuts himself in his tent, and the edge of the six in the afternoon, fires a shot in the forehead. He was 49 years old. The next day, more than 10,000 Chileans parade at his funeral crying and singing strong.
With the creation of a museum that seeks to accommodate diverse Chilean artistic expressions, the municipality of Santiago pays tribute to one of the major refreshing of Latin American folklore. Violeta Parra, wrote poems, transformed clay into sculptures, exhibited their tapestries in the Louvre Museum in Paris and it was stormy love, is one of the most important artists of Latin America. Its composition thanks to life has been translated into all the languages, as well as marriage of blacks.
Biography of Carl Gauss - Karl Friedrich Gauss
(1777/04/30 - 1855/02/23)
Carl Friedrich Gauss
Karl Friedrich Gauss
German mathematician
He was born April 30, 1777 in Braunschweig.Son of a bricklayer, before three years of age learned to read and do mental arithmetic calculations with so much ability that he discovered an error in the calculations made by his father to pay wages. He joined primary school before reaching the age of seven, and when he was ten, his teacher asked class that you will find the sum of all the numbers between one and one hundred thinking that this class would be occupied some time, was astonished when Gauss, immediately raised his hand and gave the correct answer. He revealed that he found the solution using algebra.
When he was twelve, he criticized the foundations of Euclidean geometry; the thirteen you was interested in the possibilities of the non-Euclidean geometry. At fifteen, he understood the convergence and proved to the binomial of Newton. His genius and precocity caught the attention of the Duke of Brunswick, who decided, when the boy was fourteen years old, both pay their secondary education as University.
He studied ancient languages, although at age 17 it is definitely interested in the mathematics. He tried to find the solution of the classical problem of the construction of a heptagon to regulate, or figure of seven sides with a ruler and a compass. It proved that it was impossible and he continued providing methods to build 17 figures, 257 and 65.537 sides.
It proved that the construction with ruler and compass, of a regular polygon with an odd number of sides was possible only when the number of sides was a prime number of series 3, 5, 17, 257, and 65.537 or a product of two or more of these numbers. He studied at the University of Göttingen from 1795 to 1798; for his doctoral thesis he presented proof that every algebraic equation has at least one root or solution. The theorem, which has been a challenge for mathematicians for centuries, still called algebra fundamental theorem.
His treatise on the theory of numbers, Disquisitiones arithmeticae (1801), is a classic in the field of mathematics. He developed the prime number theorem. In probability theory, he developed the important method of the least squares and the fundamental laws of the probability distribution. The normal probability plot is still called Gauss curve.
He studied surveying and mathematics applied to Geodesy. Together with the German physicist Wilhelm Eduard Weber, investigated on magnetism and electricity; a unit of magnetic induction is named. He also researched the lens systems and became interested in astronomy.
The asteroid Ceres was discovered in 1801 and Gauss calculated their exact position, in a way that its rediscovery was easy. He also devised a new system for calculating the orbits of celestial bodies. In the year 1807 Carl Gauss was a Professor of mathematics and directed the Observatory in Göttingen, holding the two positions until February 23, 1855, date of his death.