Biography of Josefa Ortiz de Dominguez… Louis Pasteur… Pablo Picasso… Cristiano Ronaldo… José Martí…
Biography of Josefa Ortiz de Dominguez
(1768/09/08 - 1829/03/02)
Josefa Ortiz de Domínguez
Maria Josefa Crescencia Ortiz Tellez - Giron
Mexican Patriot
He was born September 8, 1768 in Valladolid (Morelia). Daughter of Manuela and Pedro Ortiz, Captain of the regiment of the Greens.
He studied at the Colegio San Ignacio de Loyola and the Vizcaínas. In the year 1791 married the corregidor of Querétaro, Miguel Domínguez, a degree for which he received the dubbed of 'the Corregidora'.
In the year 1810 the priest Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla and Ignacio Allendecaptain, reported that the development of the conspiracy in Querétaro. The realists discovered where they kept the weapons for the October uprising, then Josefa persuaded his companions so that they both flanker on the center forward the proclamation of independence to the month of September.
It was taken prisoner and confined in the convent of Santa Catalina de Siena for 3 years. Released from prison, was the subject of awards and titles which rejected vigorously. Radical supporters of the yorkinas lodges affiliated to Liberal groups .
During the Empire of Agustín de Iturbide, it tried to make bridesmaid to Doña Josefa Ortiz de Domínguez, who declined for not being in accordance with the Empire.
Josefa Ortiz died on March 2, 1829, in the City of Mexicodue to a Pleurisy. His remains were exhumed and taken with great honors to Querétaro, where they rest.
Biography of Louis Pasteur
(27/12/1822 - 1895/09/28)
Louis Pasteur
French biologist and chemist
"Fortune plays in favor of a prepared mind" Louis Pasteur
He was born on December 27, 1822 in Dole, Burgundy (France), and grew up in the small town of Arbois. Son of a Tanner and former Sergeant of Napoleon.
In 1847 he received his doctorate in physics and chemical by the Ecole Normale in Paris. He soon became Assistant to his teacher, the chemical Dumas. Close to 23 years made his first discovery: optical isomers activity space. He discovered that there were two isomers of tartaric acid, one rotated the plane of polarization to the right, and the other, on the left, and to racemic acid, optically inactive, it was a mixture of the two isomers. He was born with it the esteroisomeria, but it was also in his mind the idea that asymmetric molecules are products of living cells. Thus, when after studying the alcoholic fermentation, he found a substance optically active (Amyl alcohol) doubted the microbial origin of that process.
He researched and taught at Dijon and Strasbourg. In 1854 it becomes the University of Lille, where he was Professor of chemistry and Dean of the Faculty of Sciences. He devoted himself to investigate the process of fermentation. Although his conviction that the yeast played some kind of role in this process, was not original, he managed to demonstrate, thanks to his previous work on chemical specificity, that alcohol in fermentation production is, in effect, the yeast and the production of substances that sour wine due to the presence of organisms such as the bacteria. The acidification of the wine and beer had constituted a serious economic problem in France; It contributed to the problem, demonstrating that it was possible to eliminate the bacteria by heating the initial sugar solutions to a high temperature.
He did extensive these studies to other problems, such as conservation of milk, and proposed a similar solution: heat the milk temperature and pressure high before it was bottled. This process is today called pasteurization. Napoleón III suggested that it will expand its research on the wine; He worked first in Arbois and later in the company of Henri seas of Fabrègues.
Their findings include have shown that lactic acid and alcoholic fermentation have different enzymes. Also put shows that there are certain germs that cause diseases of wine like the acescencia (chopped wine - acetic acid-), bitterness or fat. On August 14, 1865 reported its conclusions to the Academy of science and 1866 the imperial press published his famous work on études sur le vin, ses maladies.
In 1865 he left Paris, where he was administrator and director of scientific studies of the École Normale, in aid of the silk industry in the South of France, where the silk production had been affected because a disease of the silkworm, known as cured, had reached epidemic proportions. He experimented with the controlled breeding and showed that the cured not only was contagious, but also hereditary. He came to the conclusion that the cause of the disease only survived in diseased eggs live, therefore the solution was the selection of the disease-free eggs.
His work had major implications for medicine, he argued that the origin and evolution of the disease were analogous to the process of fermentation. He believed that the disease arises by the attack of germs from the outside of the body. This concept, called microbial disease theory, was much debated by doctors and scientists from around the world. He also unveiled the natural history of anthrax, a lethal disease of cattle. It showed that it is caused by a specific Bacillus and suggested that it was possible to induce a mild form of the disease in animals and vaccinating them with weakened bacilli, which inmunizaría them against potentially deadly attacks. In order to prove his theory, began inoculating 25 sheep; a few days later it inoculated with these and other 25 a specially powerful crops, and left without treatment to 10 sheep. He predicted that the second 25 sheep perish and concluded the experiment dramatically showing a skeptical crowd the corpses of arranged them side by side.
In 1885 came to his lab a boy and his mother. The young man had suffered severe bites from a rabid dog and his mother asks him to seek him with their new method. At the end of the treatment, which lasted ten days, the boy was being inoculated with the virus of the more powerful rage which was known; He recovered and retained health. Since then, thousands of people have been saved from the disease thanks to this treatment.
Louis Pasteur died on September 28, 1895 in Villeneuve-L' Étang. On his tombstone, his words are read: happy that that carries with it an ideal, a domestic God, is the ideal of the fatherland, the ideal of science or simply the virtues of the Gospel.
Biography of Pablo Picasso
(25/10/1881 - 1973/04/08)
Pablo Ruiz Picasso
Spanish sculptor and painter
He was born on October 25, 1881, in the number 36 of Málaga Plaza de irrigation.Son of the marriage formed by José Ruiz Blasco, Professor at the school of fine arts in this capital, and María Picasso López. His father is responsible for starting him in drawing and painting. In September 1891, José Ruiz Blasco access a square of Professor at the school of fine arts of La Coruña taking the family with him. Picasso will be admitted to this school a year later. Up to the year 1898 paternal and maternal last names he used to sign his works, but from 1901 signed only with the mother's last name.
With 10 years makes his first paintings and at 15 joined the school of fine arts of Barcelona. Got entry showing the canvas science and charity (1897, Picasso Museum, Barcelona). In 1904 he settles in Paris. The work of Edgar Degas and Henri Marie Raymond de Toulouse-Lautrec, exerted a great influence on him. In his paintings of that time will reflect the human misery, beggars, alcoholics and prostitutes. Met his first girlfriend, Fernande Olivier. This relationship with Picasso changed his palette to shades of pink and Red; the years 1904 and 1905 are known, thus, as pink period. Their topics focused on the world of the circus, creating works as a family of acrobats (1905, National Gallery, Washington). It locks friendship with the poet Max Jacob, writer Guillaume Apollinaire, the dealers Ambroise Vollard and Daniel Henry Kahnweiler and Americans Gertrude Stein and her brother Leo, who became his first patrons. All of them were portrayed by the painter.
In 1906, during a stay in Gósol, Andorra, his work will enter a new phase marked by the influence of Greek, Iberian and African art. The famous portrait of Gertrude Stein (1905-1906, Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York) is the face in the form of mask. The key work of this period is the young ladies of Avignon (1907, Museum of modern art, New York), which not was understood, even by the critics and avant-garde painters of that time. Influenced by the volumetric treatment of pictorial forms of Paul Cézanne, Picasso and Georges Braque painted in 1908 a series of landscapes in a style that one critic described later as if they had been made from "small cubes", imposing thus the term Cubism. Monochrome prevailed in these representations of totally fragmented motifs, shown simultaneously from several sides. The favorite themes of the artist were musical instruments, lifes and their friends, stands out the portrait of one of their dealers Daniel-Henry Kahnweiler (1910, Art Institute, Chicago). In 1912, he made his first collage, still life with Chair of straw (Picasso Museum, Paris), combining paper pulp and a piece of rubber on a painted canvas. This technique indicates the transition to synthetic Cubism. Two works from 1915 show the simultaneity of styles used: Harlequin (Museum of modern art) is a synthetic Cubist painting, while a drawing of his dealer, Vollard (Metropolitan Museum of Art), is designed in ingristastyle, so called because it emulates the art forms of the French painter Jean August Dominique Ingres. 1923 is the Harlequin with a mirror (Museo Thyssen-Bornemisza in Madrid). Work of his called classical period (1921-1925), announced, in part, on drawings ingristas and result of his stay in Italy in 1917.
The bronze bust of Fernande Olivier (also called head of woman, 1909, Museum of modern art) demonstrates the technique of Picasso in the treatment of three-dimensional shapes. In in the glass of Absinthe (1914, Museum of modern art) a colored bronze sculpture representing a glass of Absinthe on which is placed a teaspoon of silver and the reproduction of a lump of sugar; where is displayed perhaps the most interesting example of Cubist polychrome sculpture to conduct. During World War I, he moved to Rome to make the decorations of the ballets Russes of Sergei Diaghilev. There he meets the dancer Olga Koklova, which marries. Picasso portrayed her on several occasions, as well as his only legitimate son, Pablo (for example in Paul gown Harlequin, 1924, Picasso Museum, Paris). Works a series of paintings with sturdy, heavy, sculptures, figures within that called us, as for example three women in the font style (1921, Museum of modern art) and works inspired by the mythology as pan flutes (1923, Picasso Museum, Paris). At the same time it created also strange pictures of inflated bathers and reports, with very small heads and big bodies, as well as portraits of women in violent attitudes. Several Cubist paintings at the beginning of the Decade of 1930, in which predominates the harmony of lines, the curvilinear outline and a certain underlying eroticism, reflect the pleasure and passion of Picasso by his new love, Marie Thérèse Walter, with whom he had his daughter Maya in 1935. Painted in attitudes of rest, was also the model of the famous painting girl before a mirror (1932, Museum of modern art).
In 1935 he carried out the series of engravings Minotauromaquia, where blends the themes of the Minotaur and the bullfights; in this work, both the figure of the bull and the horse gutted announce images of Guernica, the great wall considered by most as one of the individual works of art most important of the 20th century. In 1937, during the Spanish Civil War, German aviation bombed the Basque town of Guernica. Few weeks after Picasso began to paint the enormous mural known as Guernica. Two months of work lasted the work, which was exhibited at the Spanish Pavilion of the International exhibition in Paris in 1937. The picture does not portray the event itself; rather, he wanted to express with the violence and cruelty of the event through the use of images such as del toro, dying horse, the fallen Warrior, the mother with her dead son or a woman trapped in a burning building. Guernica was an overwhelming impact as retrato-denuncia of the horrors of the war. The picture remained at the Museum of modern art in New York from 1939 until 1981, where he returned to Spain. The outbreak and subsequent development of World War II contributed to the palette of Picasso is particularly and that death was the most frequent theme in most of his works. Thus we see this, for example, in still life with skull of ox (1942, Kunstsammlung Nordrhein-Wesfalen, Düsseldorf) and the ossuary (1945, Museum of modern art). You know by then the painterFrançoise Gilot, which will have two children, Paloma and Claude; both will be portrayed in many works that retrieved the first styles of Picasso. His last girlfriend, who also portrayed on several occasions, was Jacqueline Roque, which met in 1953 and that he married in 1961.
Many of the recent pictures of Picasso are based on the works of the great masters of the past such as Diego Velázquez, Gustave Courbet, Eugène Delacroix and Édouard Manet. Besides in pictures painting, Picasso also worked on hundreds of lithographs that took place in the printing of Fernande Mourlot. She was also interested in ceramics, and thus, in 1947, in Vallauris, made nearly 2,000 pieces. During this time, Picasso was also important sculptures: the RAM man (1944, Philadelphia Museum of art), a bronze life-size and goat (1950, Museum of modern art), also in bronze work of enormous force. In 1964 he carried out model of head of woman, a monumental sculpture erected in 1966 in welded steel in Chicago's Civic Center. In 1968, and over seven months, created the remarkable series of 347 engravings that returned to his primitive songs: circus, bullfights, theatre and the erotic scenes. It continues made prints and drawings, some exposed in the Leiris Gallery in Paris. In October, in commemoration of his 90 birthday, the Musée National d'Art Moderne in Paris organised a major exhibition with works by Picasso from the Hermitage Museum and Pushkin in Russia. On 1 June 1972 he made his last painting "Embrace". His last drawing, "figures resting", performed on November 5. In January 1973, the Louise Leiris gallery exhibits 156 prints made in the previous two years.
April 8, Pablo Picasso dies in Notre - Dame-de-vie, Mougins. Two days later he is buried in Vauvenargues Castle.
Biography of Cristiano Ronaldo
(1985/02/05 - Unknown)
Cristiano Ronaldo Santos Aveiro two
Portuguese Footballer
A district of Funchal, Madeira (Portugal) island was born on 5 February 1985 in Santo António.Youngest son of María Dolores dos Santos and the municipal gardener, Dinis Aviero, who christened of Ronaldo in tribute to the politician and American actor Ronald Reagan. He has one older brother, Hugo, and two older sisters, Elma and Liliana Cátia. His great-grandmother Isabel da Piedade was de Cabo Verde. His family has strongly Catholic roots and Ronaldo said that they were living in poverty, having to share a room with his brother and sisters.
He was popular among his classmates, but he was expelled from the school after throwing a chair a professor by disrespect you. At the age of 14, it agreed with her mother devote himself exclusively to soccer. Grew up in a working-class neighborhood and when account 10 years Sporting de Lisbondiscovers him, Cristiano Ronaldo playing for then in the modest Andorinha, club of his hometown Funchal and where his father worked as a utillero. After Ronaldo joined the national and 6 months after it performs the transfer of the rights of Christian. In 2001, the first team László Bölöni, Romanian engineer technician, he wanted that he made his debut that same year, but a test warned him for not being worked sufficiently. A year later did debut in the preview of the Champions League against Inter.
With the selection of Portugal Cristiano Ronaldo formed part of the attack along with Quaresma, Helder Postiga and Hugo Viana in the u-21 selection and they defeated England. In June was the star of the u-20 team that won the prestigious tournament of Touloun beating in the final Italy 3-1. Felipe Scolari did debut with the senior team on 20 August 2003 against Kazakhstan, 18 replaced Luis Figo, one of his idols.
Barça and Juve claimed although he finally went to the Manchester in the summer of 2003 after paying 17.5 million euros in transfer. Christian remained at the club for 6 seasons where he earned trophies: 3 Premier Leagues, 1 European Cup and Club World Cup 1. It is considered one of the best players in the world and one of the athletes more media. Ronaldo was honored with the award for the best player in the Premier League in 2007 and 2008, as well as Portuguese athlete of the year. In the season 2007-08 he won in the Golden Boot, the Golden Balland the FIFA World Player in 2008.
June 11, 2009 Manchester United accepted an offer of £80 million, Real Madrid C.F. The transfer of Cristiano Ronaldo confirms June 26 and becomes the most expensive transfer in the history of football. July 6 was presented at the Estadio Santiago Bernabeu Stadium before 80,000 people. He debuted in the field on July 21 with a victory over Shamrock Rovers 1 - 0. His first goal came a week after penalty in the victory of Madrid on LDU Quito 4-2. On August 29, was premiered in the League with a goal against Deportivo La Coruna, which won 3-2; on 15 September, he scored two free-kicks in the victory by 5-2 against the Zurich, his first goals in the Champions League for Real. After scoring another goal in a League match against Villarreal, became the first player from the club to score in his first four appearances.
With Real Madrid Gets a Cup in 2011, the League 2011-12 and 2012 Spain laSupercopa. With the Portugal national football team managed second place in the Euro 2004 in Portugal, and a fourth place in the 2006 World Cup in Germany. In his fourth season row with Real Madrid the King; managed to cup of her Majesty the Champions League; a Super Cup and Club World Cup laFIFA. In the final of the Champions League against Atletico Madrid, became the first player in history to score in two European Cup finals for two different winning teams. Real won their 10th European Cup.
Christian won his second Golden ball on 13 January of 2014, ahead of Messi and Ribery after a 2013 spectacular with 69 goals and a great playoff for the World Cup with Portugal. On January 12, 2015 he managed his third Golden Ball reaching 37,66% of the votes, more than double the support he received Messi (15.76%).
His father died in September 2005 of a liver disease associated with alcoholism, with 52 years, when Ronaldo was 20. In October 2005, a month after the death of his father, he was arrested on suspicion of raping a woman at a London hotel and released on bail. Ronaldo denied the allegations and the charges were dropped by Scotland Yard in November 2005 because of "insufficient evidence".
He became father of June 17, 2010, after the birth of a child, named Christian, and the family nicknamed the 'Cristianinho'. Born in the United States, the footballer said he had their custody without revealing the identity of the mother. It is related to the English model Alice Goodwin and Gemma Atkinson. In 2010, she began dating the Russian model Irina Shayk, who supposedly met through their campaigns for Armani Exchange. The couple ended their relationship in January 2015. Ronaldo also related to Lucía Villalón Spanish television journalist.
Biography of José Martí
(1853/01/28 - 1895/05/19)
José Martí
José Julián Martí Pérez
Cuban writer and politician
Known as «The Apostle of Cuban independence».He was born on January 28, 1853 in La Habana, Cuba.
Son of Mariano Martí Navarro, a Spanish military, and his wife also Spanish, Leonor Pérez Cabrera, native to the Canary Islands. He was the older brother of seven sisters: Leonor, Mariana, Carmen María, Pilar María, Rita Amelia, Antonia and Dolores. It was baptized on 12 February in the Church of Santo Angel Custodio.
When he was four years old, his family moved from Cuba to Valencia, Spain, land of his father, but two years later returned to the island, where he attended a local public school, in the neighbourhood of Santa Clara, where her father worked as a prison guard. He studied in colegio San Anacleto, where he meets Fermín Valdés Domínguez, and males of the Havana Municipal school, directed by Rafael María Mendive. At age ten he wrote correctly and to the thirteen entered the second lesson. As a teenager he was heading student publications. She enrolled in the professional school of painting and sculpture in Havana, in September 1867, known as San Alejandro, to take drawing classes.
When the ten years war erupted in 1868, Joseph and his friend Fermín joined the Cuban nationalist cause. On October 21, 1869, he was arrested and imprisoned in the national prison on charges of treason and bribery; Martí confessed to the charges and was sentenced to six years in prison. His mother wrote letters to the Government seeking his freedom, and his father hired a lawyer friend. He was forced to perform forced labor in the quarries of La Habana. It is shortly after pardoned by management from his father and moved to the Isle of pines. The penalty is switched by I exile in Spain. Martí, had 18 years at that time, was permitted to continue his studies.
On January 15, 1871 part towards Spain. In Madrid, he published his complaint the political in Cuba prison. He studied at the University of Madrid. In May 1873, he studied in the University of Zaragoza and studied high school at the same time with his university studies. On June 27, 1874 he received the title of Bachelor. On 24 October he graduated in philosophy and letters. Out of Spain and visit other cities of Europe. It arrived in England in January 1875 and part with heading to Mexico. On 8 February he landed at Veracruz and continues its journey towards the capital of the country. It publishes in the Universal magazine and in The federalist.
In 1876 married Carmen Zayas Bazán, with whom he had his only son: Jose Francisco Martí Zayas-Bazán, "Ismaelillo" (1878-1945). In 1878, he returned to his country. His son José Franciscowas born in on November 22. He works as a lawyer and obtained permission to teach. It is stopped on 17 September 1879 and get deported to Spain accused of conspiracy. On January 3, 1880 gets to New York , where he is appointed member of the Cuban Revolutionary Committee of that city who chairs Calixto García.
The most universal political head of his time, a brilliant journalistand essayist of frontline, sublime poet , diplomat in the service of several countries, Professor of English, French, Italian and German literature and of the History of philosophy, polyglot, critic of art and literature, translator and renovator of the language. The intellectual who in a century dominated by European, bestowed universality to the Latin American letters. Like other illustrious figures of American independence, he was initiated into Freemasonry. He wrote for children and organized a party, an army and a war. It was an exceptional boss who put under his command to a host of General tannery.
Martí was the first to incorporate the aesthetic to the political discourse, describing the monstrosities of slavery with a beauty which reinforced the condemnation. He denounced the Spanish colonialism without offending Spain and described the weeds of North American society, without deposing his admiration for the achievements of their elders and their people. He founded his newspaper, Patria (1892) and in 1894 led a group of armed revolutionaries who wanted to invade Cuba, which was intercepted in Florida, having to go back.
On April 11, 1895 he disembarks with Máximo Gómez and other four Patriots at Playitas, province of East. April 15 receive the degrees of major general of the Liberator army. On March 25, 1895, launched in Santo Domingo the memorable Manifesto de Montecristi. On 18 may he wrote to Manuel Mercado a letter that is considered his political testament.
It almost never enjoyed good health. At age 18 he was diagnosed with sarcoidosis in Spain, and probably also suffered from eye problems, nervous system, heart and fevers. It is believed that he also suffered a sarcocele (cystic tumor of testis) with plenty of liquid. It is to relieve your pain puncionaba you continuously. The tumor was finally removing him.
Shortly after returning to Cuba to start which called "necessary war", was killed when he rode, without knowing it, dress in black on a white horse to a group of Spanish soldiers concealed, being hit by three shots that ended with his life in Two rivers, near the confluence of the rivers Contramaestre and Cauto, on May 19, 1895.