Monte Testaccio: The 2,000-year-old Garbage Dump in Rome | Amazing Images.
On the outskirts of Rome, near the Horrea Galbae, a short distance
away from the east bank of the River Tiber, lies an enormous mound
overgrown will grass and small trees. It might seem just like an
ordinary hill, but is in fact, an ancient landfill from the Roman era
and one of the largest landfill of the ancient world. It has a
circumference of nearly a kilometer at its base covering an area of
20,000 square meters, and it stands 35 meters tall, though it was
probably a lot higher in ancient times. The hill is made entirely out of
discarded Roman amphorae, a type of ceramic jar used to store olive
oil. It has been estimated that the hill contains the remains of as many
as 53 million olive oil amphorae, in which some 6 billion liters of oil
were imported. 
The hill in the background is the largest and best preserved ancient landfill. Photo credit
In ancient times, amphorae were the main containers used for transportation and storage of goods. They were massively produced because of their low cost, and were usually recycled or destroyed once they reached their final destination. Many amphora were re-used to serve as drain pipes or flower pots, for instance. Broken amphorae were pounded into chips and mixed with concrete and widely used as a building material. But the amphorae olive jars could not be recycled as they were too impregnated with oil which made them smelly and sticky. So they were dumped in landfills.
Monte Testaccio was not a haphazard waste dump, but a highly organized and carefully engineered refuse site. Excavations revealed that the mound had been raised as a series of level terraces with retaining walls made of nearly intact amphorae filled with shards to anchor them in place. Empty amphorae were probably carried up the mound intact on the backs of donkeys or mules and then broken up on the spot, with the shards laid out in a stable pattern. Lime was then spread over the broken jars to neutralize the smell of rotting oil.
The huge numbers of broken amphorae at Monte Testaccio illustrate the enormous demand for oil of imperial Rome, which was at the time the world's largest city with a population of at least one million people. Many of the amphorae still have the maker's seal and other stamped inscriptions which record information such as the weight of the oil contained in the vessel, the place where it was bottled, who weighted it and the names of the exporter. Studies of these inscription and the hill's composition suggest Rome's imports of olive oil reached a peak towards the end of the 2nd century AD, when as many as 130,000 amphorae were being deposited on the site each year. It has been estimated that Rome was importing at least 7.5 million liters of olive oil annually.
The landfill now overgrown with grass and small trees. Photo credit
Broken pieces of amphorae litter the hill slope. Photo credit
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An intact olive oil amphora preserved in Winchester City Museum, Photo credit
Some markings on a broken amphora. Photo credit
The terraced walls of Monte Testaccio. Photo credit
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Sources: Wikipedia / ArchaeoSpain via Reddit
The hill in the background is the largest and best preserved ancient landfill. Photo creditIn ancient times, amphorae were the main containers used for transportation and storage of goods. They were massively produced because of their low cost, and were usually recycled or destroyed once they reached their final destination. Many amphora were re-used to serve as drain pipes or flower pots, for instance. Broken amphorae were pounded into chips and mixed with concrete and widely used as a building material. But the amphorae olive jars could not be recycled as they were too impregnated with oil which made them smelly and sticky. So they were dumped in landfills.
Monte Testaccio was not a haphazard waste dump, but a highly organized and carefully engineered refuse site. Excavations revealed that the mound had been raised as a series of level terraces with retaining walls made of nearly intact amphorae filled with shards to anchor them in place. Empty amphorae were probably carried up the mound intact on the backs of donkeys or mules and then broken up on the spot, with the shards laid out in a stable pattern. Lime was then spread over the broken jars to neutralize the smell of rotting oil.
The huge numbers of broken amphorae at Monte Testaccio illustrate the enormous demand for oil of imperial Rome, which was at the time the world's largest city with a population of at least one million people. Many of the amphorae still have the maker's seal and other stamped inscriptions which record information such as the weight of the oil contained in the vessel, the place where it was bottled, who weighted it and the names of the exporter. Studies of these inscription and the hill's composition suggest Rome's imports of olive oil reached a peak towards the end of the 2nd century AD, when as many as 130,000 amphorae were being deposited on the site each year. It has been estimated that Rome was importing at least 7.5 million liters of olive oil annually.
The landfill now overgrown with grass and small trees. Photo credit
Broken pieces of amphorae litter the hill slope. Photo credit
Photo credit
An intact olive oil amphora preserved in Winchester City Museum, Photo credit
Some markings on a broken amphora. Photo credit
The terraced walls of Monte Testaccio. Photo credit
Photo credit
Photo credit
Sources: Wikipedia / ArchaeoSpain via Reddit