Biography of Charlemagne - Carlo Magno - 'Carlos the great'… Herodotus… David Hume… Michael Faraday…

Biography of Charlemagne - Carlo Magno

(Unknown - Unknown)

Charlemagne
Carolus Magnus, 'Carlos the great'
King of the Franks (768-814) and Emperor of the Romans (800-814)

Probably was born on April 2, the 742 in Aachen, today Aachen, the westernmost city of Germany, located near the borders with Belgium and the Netherlands.
Described Carlos as a huge man, who surpassed in height to most of his contemporaries. He reigned in the North of France, and the fall of Rome, he created a great empire. During his reign, Europe enjoyed a time of peace and unity that is not known for 400 years.
Son of King Pepin the short and grandson of Charles Martel. In the year 751 Pepin defeated the last King Merovingian and assumed the Royal title.
When Pepin died in the 768, the Government of their kingdoms was shared between his two sons. Charlemagne sought an alliance with the Lombards to marry in the 770 with the daughter of their king Desiderio (who reigned between the 757 and the 774). In the 771 Carloman, his brother, died suddenly. Charlemagne took over their territories, but the heirs of Carloman sought refuge at the Court of Desiderio. Charlemagne repudiated his wife and Desiderio ceased to be his ally.
His main aspiration was the meet under his Crown all the countries of Western Europe and rebuild the ancient Roman Empire under the name of Holy Roman Empire. It undertook a series of campaigns that were directed against the Lombards in Italy; against the Saxons and Bavarians, in Germania, and against the Arabs, in Spain.
In 772, Pope Hadrian I called Charlemagne against Desiderio help, then invaded Italy overthrowing her former father-in-law (774) and assumed the Royal title. In Rome , he reaffirmed the pledge to protect the Papal lands. In the year 772, he fought the incursions of the Saxons in their territory. Embarked on the 775 in a campaign to conquer them and christianize them. The campaign lasted thirty years.
He fought in the Iberian peninsula in 778; on his return trip, his rear, commanded by Roland, was ambushed, immortalised in The song of Rolandhistory. In the 788 it submitted to the Bavarians to its power, and between 791 and 796 Charlemagne armies conquered the territory of the Avars (Hungary and Austria). Charlemagne had in fact built an empire and had become an emperor wielding his sword, Joyeuse .
Of the 800, Pope Leo III on Christmas day placed a Crown on his head and the Church hailed him as Emperor of the Romans.
In the 814 appointed his successor to the only son that he had, Luis. His favourite residence stood at Aachen from the 794. In his palace, he met scholars from all over Europe, the most famous of whom was the English clergyman Alcuin of York, he put in charge of the Palatine school.
It fostered Christianity, law, order and culture; its activity in all branches of the Administration and the Government was large and efficient. Coined coins, he founded schools and recommended to parents the children instruction, it fostered the creation of libraries, he intervened as a mediator to resolve religious disputes. The administration of the Empire was entrusted to about 250 real administrators called counts and issued hundreds of decrees, called drop caps, treating a wide range of issues, from military and legal issues to issues relating to monasteries, to education and to the management of the Imperial domains. The Empire was not extended after the 800; in fact, in the Decade of the 790 coasts and the coastal valleys suffered the first and fearsome raids by the Vikings.
Charlemagne died in his Palace in Aachen, the 28 January 814, residence sets of Charlemagne until his death and the place from which ruled the Empire. This sumptuous residential complex was destroyed over the centuries, but still remains the Palatine Chapel, the core of the Cathedral of Aachen, where the emperor was buried. In the 12th century, their bones were deposited in the so-called Tabernacle of Charlemagne, exhibited in the same Cathedral.

Biography of Herodotus

(Unknown - Unknown)

Greek historian

He was born in Halicarnassus (now Bodrum, Turkey), where he was exiled to the 457 BC by conspirator against Persia.
He traveled Asia minor, Babylon, Egypt and Greece. On the 447 BC he came to Athens and get the admiration of characters like Pericles. In 443 BC settled in the Greek colony of Thurii (Thurioi), founded in the South of Italy by one.
The rest of his life devoted himself to complete his great work, known as stories, whose title derived from the Greek word history ('research', 'search'). The work is based on the collection of written and oral traditions and the direct version of the facts. Scholars of stories divided it into nine books. The first deal with customs, legends, history and traditions of the peoples of the ancient world. The last three deal with the wars between Greece and Persia which took place at the beginning of the 5th century BC and which are known as the Wars medical. Herodotus information comes in part from the works of his predecessors and partly from observations made during his extensive travels.

Biography of David Hume

(1711/05/07 - 1776/08/25)

David Hume
Scottish philosopher

"The reason never can show us the connection between an object and another if it is not aided by the experience and observation of its relationship with the past situations. When the mind, therefore, the idea or the printing of an object, idea or belief in another, is not guided by reason, but by certain principles associated with joints the ideas of those objects and relates them in the imagination"
David Hume
He was born 7 may 1711 in Edinburgh, Lothian (Scotland) in the bosom of a wealthy family.
With only twelve years old he entered the University of Edinburgh.
From 1734 to 1737 raised the problems of speculative philosophy. During this period he wrote his most important work, a treatise on human nature (1739-1740). He wrote also essays moral and political (1741-1742). He did not get his appointment to the Faculty of the University of Edinburgh because it was considered a skeptic on religious affairs. He was guardian of the alienated Marquis of Annandale and later auditor of war.
Hume argues that all knowledge derives ultimately from the sensory experience, this being the only source of knowledge. His philosophical essays concerning human understanding published in 1748. As for the moral, it holds that the reason must be slave of feelings or passions. Only the passions can move; the reason must be at your service. The rules of morality and justice are purely conventional. There is a rational need that will take us to respect those rules (private property, obedience to the laws, respect for promises, etc.). Observe these rules, as well as other conventions (e.g., the of the modesty and chastity) is a good thing only by the social utility that they bring. If the social conditions were different, those rules would have no sense.
In 1752 he appeared his political speeches, and a year later, after returning to a professorship at the University, named him titular of the law library of the city. He wrote at that time his work's six-volume History of England, which appeared by deliveries from 1754 to 1762 and 1765, to work the position of Secretary of the British Ambassador in Paris.
He met the French philosopher Jean-Jacques Rousseau, who accompanied him on his return to the United Kingdom. He became Secretary of State in London (1767-1768), and then retired to Edinburgh, where he remained the rest of his life.
David Hume died in Edinburgh in August 25, 1776.
His autobiography was published in posthumous in 1777, as well as dialogues on natural religion (1779).

Biography of Michael Faraday

(1791/09/22 - 1867-08-25)

Michael Faraday
British chemist and physicist

He was born on September 22, 1791 at Newington (Surrey).
Son of a blacksmith, worked as a trainee with a bookbinder in London, and was at that time that he became interested in scientific topics.
In the year 1812, he attended a series of lectures given by the chemist sir Humphry Davy and requested employment. Davy hired him as an Assistant at the chemical laboratory of the Royal institution.
He joined the Royal Society in 1824, and the following year he was appointed director of the laboratory of the Royal Institution. In 1833 was a Professor of chemistry at the institution. Two years later was awarded a lifetime pension of 300 pounds per year.
He discovered two new chlorides of carbon in addition to benzene. He researched new varieties of optical glass and carried out successfully a series of experiments of liquefaction of common gases. In the year 1821, he drew up the magnetic field around a conductor through which an electric current circulates. In 1831 he discovered Electromagnetic induction , and demonstrated the induction of electrical current on the other.
It investigated the phenomena of electrolysis and discovered two fundamental laws: that the mass of a substance deposited by an electrical current in an electrolysis is proportional to the amount of electricity that passes through the electrolyte, and the quantities of substances electrolyte deposited by the action of a same amount of electricity are proportional to the equivalent masses of the substances. He discovered the existence of the Diamagnetism and found that a magnetic field has a force to rotate the plane of polarized light passing through certain types of glass.
Chemical manipulation (1827), experimental electricity research(1844-1855) and in physical and chemical experimental research (1859), he wrote.
Michael Faraday died on August 25, 1867 in London.