Biography of Denis Diderot… Friedrich Nietzsche… José Emilio Pacheco… Frederick Winslow Taylor…
Biography of Denis Diderot
(05/10/1713 - 1784/07/31)
Denis Diderot
French writer and philosopher
"Of fanaticism to barbarism there is only one step" Diderot
He was born October 5, 1713, at Langres (France). He has three years after he was taken to witness a public execution and that the impression that caused him was so violent that he fell ill.
In his hometown he studied with the Jesuits. He moved to Paris in 1734, where he spent ten years as a Professor of mathematics, latin, Greek and modern languages. His first important work, philosophical thoughts (1746), which States its philosophy Deist was published under anonymity in 1746.
In 1747, he was invited to edit a French translation of the English Cyclopaedia of Ephraim Chambers. Thanks to the collaboration of the mathematician Jean le Rond d'Alembert, was able to transform this into a vast work of new wording covering 35 volumes, Encyclopaedia , or reasoned dictionary of the arts and trades, better known as the encyclopedia. Voltaire and Montesquieujoined him, and began to use the encyclopedia as a powerful weapon of propaganda against the ecclesiastical authority, superstition, conservatism and the semi-feudal order.
In 1759 the first ten volumes were eliminated by the Conseil du Roi, and forbade the publication of the work. Denis continued his work in the remaining volumes and was able to print them in secret. The 17 volumes of the text was completed in 1765, but the illustrations and the supplements were not added until 1780. His work also include religious (1796), the nephew of Rameau (1761), translated into German by Goethe, Jacques the fatalist (1796), letters on the blind for the use of those who see (1749) and d'Alembert's dream (1830).
Friend and Adviser of the Empress Catherine II of Russia, for it and your order wrote the essay on studies in Russia and a Russian Official University Plan. Sold it later library, hurry by economic needs.
In 1729, he founded the Journal salons, where he wrote criticisms of art exhibitions held every year in the city of Paris.
Denis Diderot died in Paris on July 31, 1784.
Biography of Friedrich Nietzsche
(1844-10-15 - 1900/08/25)
Friedrich Nietzsche
Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche
German philologist, poet, and philosopher Why is the afflicted person more inclined to surrender blindly to the pleasures of the senses? Is stunning that produce what she want? Or a need for excitement at any price? -Sancho Panza says «If men too feel the sadness, beasts become.»
Friedrich Nietzsche
He was born on October 15, 1844 in Rocken, region of Thuringia. Belonging to the Kingdom of Saxony was annexed in 1815 to Prussia.
Born with a severe myopia, was the eldest son of the Lutheran pastor Karl Ludwig, also son of the pastor who had married Francisca Oehler in 1843. When he was two years old was born your sister, and a year later, a brother. In 1847, his father was diagnosed a terminal brain disease. His father was tutor at the Court of Altemburg and died when he was 5 years old. After the death of the father in 1849 and the little brother in 1850, he moved with his mother and sister to Naumburg, where she lived with her maternal grandmother and unmarried sisters of the father under the supervision of a local magistrate, Bemhard Dächsel. It is said that his childhood was the happiest time of his life.
He began to write a diary, as well as to spend the holidays with his uncles in Pobles. The maternal grandmother died in April 1856. He moved to another House, without the aunt Rosalie. Begin your headaches and eye. Receive special vacation for this reason. In 1854, he began to attend the Dongymnasium in Naumburg, but having shown a talent for music and language he was admitted to the recognized Schulpforta, where he continued his studies from 1858 to 1864. Young suffered a great sadness and pain, at school made fun of him because of his seriousness. Since childhood, he sought solitude.
After graduation, in 1864, Nietzsche began his studies in theology and Classical philology at the University of Bonn with the idea of becoming like his father pastor. For a short period of time he was a member of the Burschenschaft Frankonia. After one semester, to the chagrin of his mother, he abandoned his studies of Theology and began the of classical philology with Professor Friedrich Wilhelm Ritschl. The following year followed him to the University of Leipzig. It is believed that he contracted syphilis in his student days.
In 1867 he took a year of voluntary military service with the Naumburg Prussian artillery division. In March 1868 he suffered an equestrian accident left him useless to the service. After moving to Basel, Nietzsche renounced his German citizenship, staying for the rest of his life officially stateless. However, he served in the Prussian side during the Franco-Prussian War as a medical orderly. Its passage by the militia was short, but lived many experiences. There he witnessed the traumatic effects of battle. He contracted diphtheria and dysentery.
In 1869, he was appointed Professor of Greek Philology at the University of Basel. Nietzsche became professor at age 24; However, he was forced to retire at 35. Their ideas about God and Christianity did lousy to the authorities of the Ministry of education. He wanted to leave philosophy to devote to gardening, but he finally gave up. His work on the sources of Diogenes Laércio receives University award. The study on Theognis appears in the "Rheinisches Museum", XXII, new series. He studied Kant and Homer, Democritus throughout the book of Kuno Fischer.
Nietzsche was influenced by Hellenic culture, in particular of the philosophies of Socrates, Plato and Aristotle, also was influenced by the German philosopher Arthur Schopenhauer, the theory of evolution and his friendship with the German composer Richard Wagner.
Since 30 years Nietzsche was a partial invalid and refers to itself as a sick person, but does not explain never what pathology suffers. Driven by her illness to find more compatible climates, Nietzsche traveled frequently, and lived until 1889 as an independent in different cities author. It ceased to be pessimistic in the years in which its vitality was lower, were banned from a philosophy of poverty and despondency and devoted their will to health, to life, to the will to power. He spent many summers in Sils Maria, near St. Moritz in Switzerland, and many autumns in the cities of Genoa, Rapallo , and Turin, Italian and the French city of nice. In 1882 is known in Rome at Lou von Salome, unique romantic love of his life and which proposes marriage being rejected.
In 1872, Nietzsche published his first book, the birth of tragedy in the spirit of the music. Author of works such as: thus spoke Zarathustra (1883-1885), more beyond good and evil (1886), the genealogy of morals (1887), the twilight of the gods (1888), The Antichrist (1888), Ecce Homo (1889) and the will to power (1901).
He believed that traditional values had lost their power in the lives of the people, what are called passive nihilism. He expressed it in his proclamation "God is dead". Convinced that traditional values represented a "slave morality", a morality created by weak and disgruntled people who encouraged conformism and submission behaviors because the values implicit in such behaviors served their interests. He proclaimed the ethical imperative of creating new values that should replace the traditional, and his discussion of this possibility evolved to configure your portrait of the man to come, the 'Superman' (übermensch). The masses (who was called "I flock" or "crowd") adapt to tradition, while its utopian Superman is safe, independent and very individualistic. Superman feel with intensity, but his passions are braking and repressed by the reason. Focusing on the real world, rather than in the rewards of the future world promised by religions in general, Superman says life, even the suffering and pain that involves the existence human. Your Superman is a creator of values, an active example of "master ethics" which reflects the strength and independence of someone who is emancipated from the bondage of the human "debased" by Christian docility, except those which it deems vital. He argued that any act or human project is motivated by the "will to power". Not just power over others, but power over oneself, something which is necessary for creativity. The concept of Superman is reproached him to be the fruit of an intellectual who operates in a society of masters and slaves and has been identified with the authoritarian philosophies.
It exerted much influence on European literature and theology. Its concepts have been discussed and extended by figures such as German philosophersMartin Heidegger , Karl Jaspersand Peter Sloterdijk, the Jewish philosopher Martin Buber, German-American theologian Paul Tillich, and the French writers Albert Camus and Jean-Paul Sartre. The proclamation of Nietzsche "God is dead" was used by radical theologians after the World War II in their attempts to adapt Christianity to the decades of 1960 and later.
In his 44 birthday, Nietzsche had a mental collapse. That day was detained after apparently causing some sort of public disorder, already lost the reason, through the streets of Turin. What happened exactly is unknown even today. The most widespread about what happened version says that Nietzsche saw as they abused a horse on the other side of the Piazza Carlo Alberto, ran to him and threw his arms around the neck of the animal to protect it, Vanishing Act followed on the ground. In the following days, brief letters he wrote to some friends, including Cósima Wagner and Jacob Burckhardt, which showed signs of dementia and megalomania.
His delicate health forced him to retire in 1889. Nietzsche comes to Basel to be admitted to a mental hospital, the diagnosis: "progressive paralysis". Mother picks it up and takes it with him to Jena to the psychiatric clinic of the University of Binswanger. They only allow you to visit him in mid-May.
Friedrich Nietzsche died in Weimar on August 25, 1900 after contracting pneumonia. He was cremated as his father at the Church in Röcken.
"Love to one single is a barbarity, as practiced at the expense of everyone else. Also the love of God".
Friedrich Nietzsche
Biography of José Emilio Pacheco
(1939/06/30 - 2014/01/26)
José Emilio Pacheco
Mexican writer
He was born on June 30, 1939 in the City of Mexico.He studied law and philosophy at UNAM where began his literary activities in the Middle century magazine. Director of the supplement of the Journal stations, was Secretary of the editorial staff of the Magazine of the University of Mexico and Mexico in culture, Newssupplement, and editor-in-Chief of Culture in Mexico, always supplement.
He directed the library of the University student. He has been Professor in several universities in the United States, Canada and England and researcher in the Department of historical studies of the INAH.
He was a translator of English authors (Tennessee Williams, T. S. Eliot...), associate press, essayist (the right to read, 1984; The fire and the wind, 1994), author of books of poetry as I don't ask how time passes (1969), the elements of the night (1963), sooner or later (1980), high treason, poetry anthology (1985), City of memory (1989). The narrative of Pacheco calls on children and the deterioration of the city of Mexico, as it appears in the distant wind and other stories (1963), the pleasure principle (1972) and battles in the desert (1981). In Moriras far (1967) is about the harassment and persecution.
It has been awarded Magda Donatoaward, National poetry, literary journalism national Malcolm Lowry for experience in the field of essay, national Linguistics and literature, 1992; and in 1996 the Prize José Asunción Silva to the best book of poems in Spanish published between 1990 and 1995. He has also received multiple awards which include the Xavier Villaurrutia award (1973), Octavio Paz international prize of poetry and essay (2003), Alfonso Reyes Prize (2004), Poesía Pablo Neruda Ibero-American Prize (2004) and the Premio Reina Sofía de Poesía Iberoamericana (2009). On April 23, 2010 it received at the hands of the Kings of Spain Miguel de Cervantes award 2009.
José Emilio Pacheco died on January 26, 2014 in the City of Mexico because of cardiorespiratory arrest. The writer, 74, had been interned a day earlier after hitting in the head to a fall when he stumbled upon the books stored in his study. "He was quiet, he went in peace," said his daughter Laura Emilia Pacheco.
Biography of Frederick Taylor - Frederick Winslow Taylor
(1856/03/20 - 1915/03/15)
Frederick Winslow Taylor
American engineer
United States was born on March 20, 1856 in Germantown, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.Lawyer graduated from the Harvard Law School. He studied hydraulics in Philadelphia and then works in the Midvale Steel Company, where codeveloped the system of Taylor-White.
In the factory he worked a system on the most efficient way to perform specific tasks. Observing closely the procedures of the workers and measuring the output, developed methods to maximize each operation as well as to select the right man for each job, improving both labour relations and company benefits. He devised what he called 'the scientific enterprise management'.
It departed from the strict idea that there was an 'optimal path' for every action that is inserted in the work cycles. Although it had great successes in the rationalization of labor developments, accomplishments not just came by the principles of his ideas but by his methodical persistence study work processes. It gave account that does not exist or there is never a specific procedure and that was much more appropriate adaptation of machines to the man than the man the machines.
He left Midvale as principal engineer in 1890 and set up a consulting company in 1893. It is the clear inspiration for engineering personnel efficiency, known around the world as "Taylorism". He also devised machinery and processes that would help speed up the work. He promoted his ideas in the engineering of the effective principles of scientific management (1911) and several other books.
Frederick Winslow Taylor died in Philadelphia on March 15, 1915.