Biography of Francisco Pizarro… Erik Erikson… José Revueltas… Alan Garcia Perez…

Biography of Francisco Pizarro

(16/03/1478 - 1541/06/26)

Francisco Pizarro
Spanish conqueror of the Peru

It is believed that he could have been born 16 March 1478 in Trujillo, Cáceres.
Natural son of the captain of the Spanish thirds Gonzalo Pizarro, called the "the long or the Roman", who fought in Grenada, in Italy with the Great Captain and died at the site of Amaya (Navarra) and Francisca González Mateos maid of his aunt Beatriz Pizarro. The departure of baptism is preserved and is there stated as Francisco González, with the surname of the mother. It will not take the surname of his father until age 12.
He grew up with his mother and maternal grandparents, farmers and wardrobes. From small, Francisco was never noted for his interest in the culture, not he learned to read, so it was forced to take care of pigs. It is said that within a few years the animals in his care became ill with a serious illness and, for fear of being blamed, escaped to Seville with only 15 years.
Pizarro traveled to Italy at the age of 17, fights in the thirds along with the great captain and learn military science and in 1502, after his return to Spain, shipped along with fray Nicolas de Ovando, who was leaving as Governor to the island of Hispaniola. In 1509 was added to the Group of Alonso de Ojeda , who was preparing to populate Earth firm and participated in the founding of the town of San Sebastián and Santa María de la Antigua (Colombia).
A long journey through the isthmus of Panama, which ended with the discovery of the Pacific Oceanbegan with Vasco Núñez de Balboa in 1513. During the following years participated in various expeditions who toured part of the coasts and Islands of the sea of the South (a name that received the Pacific Ocean) looking for gold and pearls. In the year 1519 was part of the group that founded the City of Panama, on the banks of the Chagres River to receive lands that as a resident, where became Alderman and Mayor.
In 1524, joined Diego de Almagro and Hernando de Luque to explore the lands situated south attracted by the news about great wealth provided by the expedition of Pascual de Andagoya, who had come to a river where he received news of a Kingdom called Biru. On the first trip reached the same river, which went up, and founded Puerto del Hambre. The lack of food and the attacks of the Indians forced him to retire, so settled on Chochama, in the Bay of San Miguel (Panama), where he received just after Diego de Almagro, who had gone out in search. They decided that Almagro would return to Panama to get more men and return to find in order to continue the journey. After his return, Almagro and Pizarro sailed on a boat up to the San Juan River (Colombia), where they received the news of the existence of several populations in which its inhabitants wearing valuable ornaments of gold. At the same time, Bartolomé Ruiz and the men on the other boat of the expedition had located in Tumbes a boat loaded with gold, silver and textiles, who described his return to San Juan. There awaited them Pizarro, who, to hear these details, undertook the sail to San Mateo (Ecuador), place where the contacts had been made and continued up to Tacames (Atacamez, Ecuador). Back to San Mateo, Almagro returned to Panama in search of food and reinforcements.
Pizarro and his men moved with the other boat to an island which they called Gallo, which remained isolated, since this boat also returned to Panama, where a new Governor, Pedro de los Ríos, decided to put an end to the expedition. Pizarro wished to continue and offered the chance to continue or return to his companions. Group formed by those who decided to follow would then receive the name of the 'thirteen of Fame'. The expedition continued until the Santa River (Peru) and along the journey was important news of the inca Empire, whose Chief Huayna Cápac died, and who at that time lived a fight between his sons Huascar and Atahualpa by succession.
In 1528 Pizarro returns to Spain with numerous present and would submit to the Emperor Charles V (King of Spain as Carlos I) agreed requests with their peers, which is concretized in the governorate of the lands discovered for himself the title of adelantado for Almagro and the bishopric to Luque. The 26 July 1529 the Empress Isabel of Portugal signed the capitulations to conquest of the Peru, whose official name was Nueva Castilla, and empowered to Pizarro to continue discovering and populating, within a maximum period of one year, up to the limit of Chincha (Peru). The appointments of Governor, captain general, and greater Sheriff, and his own coat of arms, which already featured elements suggestive of Peru, as the symbolic representation of the city of Tumbes and several Peruvian rafts was also awarded.
In 1530 he left again for America and arriving in Panama, together with its partners Almagro and Luque, organized the expedition committed. Francisco Pizarro departed in January 1531 and settled in Coaque (Ecuador), where he received the reinforcements who had Sebastián de Belalcázar, who thus joined the group. Then they came to the island of Puna (Ecuador), were added where Hernando de Soto. After passing through Tumbes and founding the town of San Miguel (Peru) in August 1532, on November 15 the expedition entered Cajamarca (Peru), where was Atahualpa, who had captured his brother Huáscar. After several attempts the Spaniards by attracting it, the inca began a visit accompanied by a multitude of Indians, and after a few brief contacts that refused to abide by the usual requirement, both armies entered combat, culminating the battle with the imprisonment of Atahualpa.
This, to get his freedom, offered to fill the room it was gold and silver other two rooms, and secretly ordered the killing of his brother Huáscar. While this treasure met, three Spanish soldiers arrived to Cuzco and returned with more news about their wealth. In Cajamarca Almagro and his men joined and June 18, 1533, reunited the two partners, shared the spoils. From Cajamarca Hernando Pizarro came out to Panama with the part corresponding to the fifth Royal (100,000 pesos of gold) and 5,000 silver frames, personally led to Spain, meanwhile, a large army was close to Cajamarca to free Atahualpa, and Pizarro decided to judge him by the death of his brothers Huascar and Atoc and treason. After being sentenced to death, it was executed at the end of July, 1533, while his brother Túpac Huallpa, that it had lent allegiance to Carlos V, was appointed new inca.
In August 1533 left the Spaniards towards Cuzco where they entered on November 15, but before the new inca was poisoned by the quiteño chieftain Calcuchimac, so that Manco Inca Yupanqui (Manco Capac II) took his place. In March 1534 the Spanish Foundation of the city took place. Meanwhile, Francisco Pizarro had received the title of Marquis and the limits of new Castile had been expanded to include to Cuzco, giving your partner a Government which received the name of New Toledo and that extended 200 miles to the South, in the current Chile I Almagro. The confrontation between the two conquerors was accentuated, already that Almagro he refused to leave the post of Governor of Cuzco and took prisoners to the brothers of Pizarro, Juan and Gonzalo, releasing them only after meeting with his former partner.
July 8, 1538, Diego de Almagro was executed after being captured by Hernando Pizarro in the battle of las Salinas, in the course of the so-called 'civil wars' which began on his return from Chile and to claim back the city of Cuzco as part of their governance. Pizarro left alive to their officers, the same as a the dessert is conjurarían with the son of Almagro to assassinate him.
After the conquest of Peru is already a mature man, with more than 50 years. Atahualpa gave her a Princess, Quispe Sisa, who by then had 17, daughter of the cacica Guayalas, then known as Inés Guayalas. She had two children (one died). The Princess begins a relationship with a page in the service of Pizarro and this far from slow to anger, allowed that Quispe Sisa to marry him. Pizarro married another Princess, the beautiful Cuxirimay Ocllo, baptized Angelina Yupanqui, who was the wife of the Inca Atahualpa. With her he had other sons, when he already had 61 and 62, shortly before his death.
A few years later, on June 26, 1541, Francisco Pizarro was assassinated after leaving mass at his own home in Lima by supporters of Diego de Almagro, the former officers who had forgiven, encouraged by the leadership of the son of his Lieutenant that he had interceded. Friends of Pizarro, fearing that the attackers decapitaran it to impale his head in the square, as he used to do, was buried that same afternoon after Church.

Biography of Erik Erikson

(1902-06-15 - 1994/05/12)

Erik Erikson
Erik Homburger Erikson
U.S. citizen German psychoanalyst

He was born on June 15, 1902 in Frankfurt (Germany).
He worked as a master when he met the psychoanalyst Anna Freud, and thanks to his help studied at the Psychoanalytic Institute of Vienna, specializing in child psychoanalysis.
In 1933 he emigrated to the United States, where it is interested in the influence of the culture and society in the development of the child. He studied with groups of indigenous children of United States for the formulation of his theories, which enabled him to relate the growth of personality with social and family values.
His first title, childhood and society (1950), is a classic in the field. Erik Erikson theory, describes the psychological development of identity, which has its turning point in the adolescence stage which defines aspects of great importance for the future life, i.e. of the own unique personal individuality, knowing if same and being oneself. Verifies this growth assuming genuinely, knowingly and willingly, an orientation to you meaning to his life, which translates an intelligence world and the reality indoor and outdoor, connects these worlds in the creativity of their own vision, making this single being "identity", a value for itself and others.
Other works are the young Lutero (1958), identity, youth and crisis (1968) and history staff and historical circumstance (1975).
Erik Erikson died on 12 May 1994 in Harwich.

Biography of José Revueltas

(20/11/1914 - 1976/04/14)

José Revueltas
Mexican writer

He was born on November 20, 1914 in Santiago Papasquiaro, Durango.
Belonging to an artistic family, his siblings Silvestre was musician, Fermin, painter and Rosaura actress.
In 1928 he joined the Mexican Communist Party, he was expelled in 1943.
In his literary work, social problems are treated thoroughly. Author of titles such as human mourning (1943), God on Earth (1944), the earthly days (1949) and errors (1964), and plays such as the quadrant of solitude (1950).
He was imprisoned on numerous occasions for their ideas, experience that tried in the novels: the walls of water (1941) and the apando (1969). With the publication of his complete works is began to ponder as political author and one of the most important realistic writers.
José Revueltas died in the City of Mexico on April 14, 1976.

Biography of Alan Garcia Perez

(1949/05/23 - Unknown)

Alan Garcia Perez
Alan Gabriel Ludwig García Pérez

Peruvian lawyer and politician
He was born on May 23, 1949 in Lima.
Son of Nytha Pérez Rojas, founder of APRA in Camana, and Carlos García Ronceros, Secretary of organization of the party during the Government of Manuel A. Odría, during which declared it illegal. He was arrested and he could not introduce your child up to five years.
Still very young, he joined the Aprista Youth Federation, receiving their meat at the age of 17.
He completed undergraduate studies at the Pontifical Catholic University of Peru and later at the Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, where he obtained his degree in law in 1971. In 1972 we are contributing to the Complutense University of Madrid where he took courses in doctorate in law from 1972 to 1974, and then to the University of Paris for doctoral courses in Sociology from 1974 to 1977, expanding his training at the Institute of high studies for Latin America, in Paris.
He returned to Peru where he was a militant of the American Popular Revolutionary Alliance (APRA), dedicated to the party. Elected Member, participated in the discussions of the Constitution of 1979. In 1982 he was general Secretary of the APRA and, later, designated candidate for the presidential elections.
In 1985 was elected President of the Republic to exercise his mandate until 1990, when it was relieved by Alberto Fujimori. Leader of social democraticcharacter, was promoter of Latin American Unity to face the International Monetary Fund (IMF). With the arrival of the Fujimori regime, had to flee from the hands of a command sent to allegedly eliminate it, nearly was forced to leave the country to rally in the passivity of the exile.
The Peruvian Congress repealed a law that prevented the participation in elections of former public officials with lawsuits and that, according to the PAP, cut out the political rights of Garcia, who faces various complaints by alleged corruption and illicit enrichment. The repeal of that law to let free the road so that the former ruler, who has the status of political refugee in Colombia, although he lived in Paris, could participate in the general elections. Alan García is harbored in Colombia in 1992, following the self-coup of State starring the then Peruvian leader Alberto Fujimori.
He returned to the country to apply in 2001 after the fall of Fujimori and was defeated by Alejandro Toledo became the leader of the opposition. He subsequently won the 2006 elections defeating Ollanta Humala (UPP) in second round remain President until 2011.
Married to Carla Buscaglia Castilian from 1973 to 1980, and Pilar Nores Bodereau in 1985. Father of Carla, Josefina, Gabriela, Luciana, Alan Raúl and Federico.