Biography of Miguel Angel Buonarroti… John Dalton… Democritus ... Pablo Neruda…

Biography of Miguel Angel Buonarroti

(1475/03/06 - 1564/02/18)

Michelangelo Buonarroti
Italian artist

He was born March 6, 1475 in Capresenear Arezzo.
Son of Ludovico Buonarroti, Florentine official at the service of the Medicifamily, who placed his son when he was 13 years old in the workshop of the painter Domenico Ghirlandaio. Two years later he became attracted to the sculpture in the garden of San Marcos, place that frequently came to study the ancient statues from the Medici collection.
He met the Medici more young people, two of them became Popes (Leo X and Clement VII); as well as humanists such as Marsilio Ficino and poets such as Angelo Poliziano. At the age of 16, he had already made at least two sculptures in relief, the battle of the lapiths and Centaurs and the Madonna of the stairs (both dating from 1489-1492, Casa Buonarroti, Florence). His patron, Lorenzo the magnificent, died in 1492; two years later he left Florence. During a season was established in Bologna, where carved between 1494 and 1495 three marble statues for the Ark of Santo Domingo in the Church of the same name. Later, he traveled to Rome, where he studied the ruins and statues of antiquity which at the time were discovering.
He made his first sculpture to large-scale, the monumental Baco (1496-1498, Barguello Museum, Florence) and carved The piety of the Vatican with twenty-three years. At the same time he also sculpted the Pieta (1498-1500) to San Pedro of the Vatican, which is still in its original location and is the only work in which his signature appears. His style of youth comes marked by the gigantic (4.34 m) sculpture in marble of David (Academy, Florence), built between 1501 and 1504, upon his return to Florence.
Parallel to his work as a sculptor, he had the opportunity to demonstrate his skill as a painter to the entrusted him a fresco for the Hall of the five hundred of the Palazzo Vecchio, the Battle of Cascina, facing other commissioned Leonardo da Vinci on the battle of Anghiari. None of the two artists carried out its mission only held a preparatory drawing on life-size cardboard. In 1505 interrupted his work in Florence called to Rome by Pope Julius II to make two orders. The most important of them was decoration of the vault of the Sistine Chapel fresco, which had occupied between 1508 and 1512, 24 years before, in 1536, the Last judgment. Painting in a forced position, lying down with their backs to the ground on a high scaffolding, he captured some of the most exquisite images of the history of art. On the vault of the chapel he developed nine scenes from the book of Genesis, beginning with the separation of light and darkness and continuing with the creation of the Sun and the Moon, creation of trees and plants, the Creation of Adam, Creation of Eve, original sin, the sacrifice of Noah, El Universal flood and finally the drunkenness of Noah. Framing these major scenes that run longitudinally throughout the central body of the dome, alternating images of prophets and sibyls on Thrones of marble, along with other themes of the Old Testament and the ancestors of Christ.
Prior to the vault of the Sistine Chapel, in 1505, it was commissioned by Pope Julio II for his Tomb. Intended to be placed in the new Basilica of St. Peter, he started enthusiastically this new challenge that included the likes of more than 40 figures, spending several months in the Carrara quarries to obtain necessary marble. He failed to finish some of his best sculptures destined for the tomb of Julio II, among which stands out Moses (c. 1515), today preserved in the Church of San Pedro central figure in Vinculis, Rome.
As architect did not begin until 1519, when he designed the (unrealized) façade of the Church of San Lorenzo in Florence, the city that had returned after a stay in Rome. During the 1520 also designed the Laurentian library, appends to the aforementioned church, although works not completed until several decades later. Also undertook - between 1519 and 1534 - commissioned to the Medici tombs in the new sacristy of San Lorenzo.
He began working in 1536 in the last judgement fresco to decorate the wall located behind the altar of the Sistine Chapel, by completed works in 1541. Work of remodeling of the buildings around the Plaza of the Capitol (Campidoglio) was started in 1538-1539. The square project designed by Miguel Ángel was not carried out until the end of 1550 and not topped until the 17TH century.
His work as an architect was the St. Peter's Basilica. The direction of the works, initiated by Donato Bramante and continued, among others, by Antonio da Sangallo and Rafael, you were assigned by the Pope in 1546. According to the scheme of Bramante, designed a temple of Greek cross plan crowned by a large and monumental dome on pendentives of 42 meters in diameter. Later, Carlo Maderno modified the original plant and transformed it into a Latin cross plant.
Michelangelo Buonarroti died in Rome on February 18, 1564.

Biography of Democritus

(Unknown - Unknown)

Democritus
Greek philosopher

"One must engage in thinking much, do not know a lot"
Democritus
460 BC was born in Abdera, Thrace.
Among the thinkers who influenced their doctrines include the Egyptian geometricians, Anaxagoras, whose homeomerias are regarded as the most immediate antecedent of the theory of atoms, and also his teacher and tutor Leucippus.
Author of numerous works, Diogenes Laércio credited with 73 works, dealing with mathematics, physics, grammar and ethics. All of them only some fragments have come down to us. According to his atomic theory of matter, all things are composed of tiny, invisible particles and indestructible of pure matter that move for eternity in an infinite empty space. Atoms are of the same material, but differ in shape, size, weight, sequence and position. He argued the creation of worlds as the natural consequence of the relentless twisting motion of atoms in space. He also wrote on ethics, suggesting happiness as the greater good, achieving through moderation, peace and Liberation of fears.
Attributed to him also the following two theorems:
1st "the volume of a cone is equal to one third of the volume of a cylinder of equal base and height"
2nd "the volume of a pyramid is one third of the volume of the prism of equal base and height"
It was known as the Philosopher Alegre. Has it started is the eyes in a garden so not it estorbara him the contemplation of the external world in his meditations.
Democritus died 370 BC

Biography of John Dalton

(06/09/1766 - 1844/07/27)

John Dalton
British physicist and chemist

On 6 September 1766, born in Eaglesfield, Cumberland (now Cumbria). Son of a poor Weaver.
Self-taught, he began to teach at the age of 12 years at a school in his hometown. In 1781 he settled in Kendal, where he runs a school with his cousin and his brother. He moved to Manchester in 1793 and there goes the rest of his life as a teacher, first at New College and later as a private tutor.
In 1787 he starts a series of meteorological studies that continued for 57 years, accumulating some 200,000 observations and measures about the climate in the Manchester area. He was the first to prove the theory that the rain is produced by a temperature decrease, and not by a change in atmospheric pressure. His first work was observations and meteorological essays (1793). A year later in Manchester Literary and philosophical society presents an essay on blindness, both he and his brother had a genetic form of blindness (achromatopsia) colors, which does not allow the patient to distinguish between Red and Green; the trial was the first description of this phenomenon.
His most important contribution to science was his theory that matter is composed of atoms of different masses that combine in simple ratios to form compounds. This theory, formulated for the first time in 1803, is the cornerstone of modern physical science.
His work was published in 1808 new system of chemical philosophy, which included several elements known in connection with the mass of hydrogen Atomic masses . It became his atomic theory through the study of the physical properties of the atmospheric air and other gases. Also, it encompassed the Linguistics and wrote an English grammar.
He was elected member of the Royal Society of London in 1822. In 1826 he received the Gold Medal of the Royal Society of London. He was a member of the French Academy of Sciences and also one of the founders of the British Association for the advancement of science.
His works include "Extraordinary facts relatin to the vision of colours" (which describes color blindness), and "New system of chemical philosophy" (1808-10).
John Dalton died on July 27, 1844 in London.

Biography of Pablo Neruda

(1904/07/12 - 1973/09/23)

Pablo Neruda
Ricardo Eliecer Neftalí Reyes Basoalto
Chilean poet

He was born on July 12, 1904 in Parral, village of the central zone of Chile.
His father, José de el Carmen Reyes, was rail, his mother, Rosa Basoalto Neftalí, died at the month of his birth affected by tuberculosis. After some years moved with his father to Temucocity recently founded in the rainy heart of the border far to the South, where had contracted new marriage with Doña Trinidad Candia Valverde (or Marverde,) as he will appoint her the poet.
On July 18, 1917 is published in the newspaper «La Mañana»of Temuco an article entitled "enthusiasm and perseverance", signing Neftalí Reyes. This is the first publication of the poet. On November 30, 1918 is published in the r' run and fly ' evista in Santiago, no. 566, the poem «eyes», also signed by Neftalí Reyes. In the course of the year are three poems in this magazine; others are published in literary magazines of the students of Temuco.
From a very young felt the call of poetry (the chosen pseudonym was because of "Pablo" sound like and "Neruda", takes it the Czech poet Jan Neruda, began to use it when he was sixteen years old and it should do so because his father didn't allow him to write). At 15 years of age from Pablo Neruda love was Teresa León Bettiens, a girl from high society of Temuco. They fell in love when she was elected Queen of the spring of 1920, and he received the first prize by verses written for that event. The family rejected it because being the son of a railroad. He dedicated to her half of his twenty poems of love and is the woman in the song of despair, hidden under the name of Marisol. He met the Russian novelists who admired his life through Gabriela Mistral . He studied French in order to become a teacher, which failed. Meet the sea and says: "when I was first oceanfront is awe. The fury of the sea took place there between two large hills (the Huilque and the Maule region). It was not only the immense snowy waves that stood many feet above our heads, but a colossal heart rumble, the palpitation of the universe". Since that time, the sea becomes his main obsession.
In Santiago, enters the Pedagogico of the University of Chile, where he obtained the first prize in the Festival of spring with the poem party song, subsequently published in the youth magazine. Poet greatly imaginative, Neruda was Symbolist in his early, later joining the surrealism and lead, finally, to realism, replacing the traditional structure of poetry with a more affordable forms of expression.
Poets of Hispanic influence has been incalculable and his international reputation exceeds the limits of the language. Is it related with intellectuals, poets. In 1923 appears Crepusculario, whose publication expenses he defrayed with the collaboration of friends, which is recognized by writers like Alone, Raúl Silva Castro and Pedro Prado. The following year, its 'twenty love poems and a song of despair' became a sales success and placed him as one of the most outstanding poets of Latin America. Later manifests a purpose of formal renewal of avant-garde intent in three short books published in 1926: the inhabitant and hope ; Rings (in collaboration with Thomas Lakes) and attempt of the infinite man.
The numerous works that followed include residence on Earth (1933), which contains poems impregnated of tragic despair at the sight of the man's existence in a world that is destroyed, and Canto general (1950), an epico-social poem that depicts Latin America from pre-Columbian origins. The work was illustrated by the famous Mexican painters Diego Rivera and David Alfaro Siqueiros.
In recognition of their literary value, Neruda was incorporated to the Chilean consular corps and, between 1927 and 1944, represented his country in cities in Asia, Latin America and Spain. On May 5, 1934 he travels to Barcelona, where he has been appointed consul. October 4 was born in Madrid , his daughter, Malva Marina. On 6 December it gives a lecture and poetry reading at the University of Madrid, presented by Federico García Lorca. On February 3, 1935 he moved as consul to Madrid. In 1939 he was appointed consul for Spanish emigration, based in Paris, he traveled to France to Montevideo where he attended as a delegate of the Alliance of intellectuals in Chile the International Congress of democracies. From April to July it is moving in favor of the Spanish refugees; a part of them he embarks on the 'Winnipeg', arriving in Chile at the end of this year. In April 1942 he moved to Cuba. September 30 makes the first reading of the poem "Canto de amor a Stalingrado", whose text, then reproduced on posters, is set in the streets of the City of Mexico. He published in literary journals "America, not invoke your name in vain", of the Canto general.
Dies in Europe his daughter, Malva Marina.
Member of the Chilean Communist Party and Senator from 1945 to 1948. Neruda had to plunge into the underground and splitting to an exile beginning in Argentina, to expand into other Latin American, European and Asian countries to return to Chile in 1953.
Married to the painter Delia del Carrilargentina, from which is separated in 1955. In Mexico he met lyrical singer Matilde Urrutia, which would be his last wife. Neruda married three times and had at least another half-dozen of furtive lovers, that served to create the most widely read in the world love verses of inspiration.
He concludes the construction of "La Chascona" home, where he moved to live. In 1957 he was named President of the society of writers of Chile. In 1970 he was appointed candidate to the Presidency of Chile by his party and, between 1970 and 1972, he was Ambassador to France.
In 1971 he received the Lenin peace prizeand the Nobel Prize for literature . He had earlier obtained the National prize for literature (1945).
Pablo Neruda died in Santiago on 23 September of 1973, only 12 days after the Pinochetcoup. As a posthumous work were published in the same year of his death his memoirs with the name of I confess that I have lived.
Admitted to process a complaint submitted by the Communist Party to investigate whether Neruda was killed or died due to cancer he suffered. According to the official account of the facts, he died in the clinica Santa Maria, Santiago, due to advanced prostate cancer. Manuel Araya, Neruda driver, said in an interview with the Mexican magazine "Proceso" who was murdered by a doctor who gave him an injection and not due to a worsening of the cancer he suffered. His nephew, Rodolfo Reyes, did not accept the ruling issued by the director of the Legal medical service of Chile, Patricio Bustos, who unveiled the results of the toxicological tests carried out in the United States and Spain, which ruled out that the poet had been poisoned and confirmed that he died because of advanced prostate cancer.