Biography of Rafael Caldera… Gustavo Diaz Ordaz… José Tomás Boves… Ramón Castilla…

Biography of Rafael Caldera

(1916/01/24 - 2009/12/24)

Rafael Caldera
Lawyer and Venezuelan politician

He was born on January 24, 1916 in San Felipe. Son of Rafael Caldera Izaguirre and Rosa Sofía Rodriguez Rivero.
He primary studies at the colegio San Felipe de Montesino, he moved to Caracas where he made the high school at colegio San Ignacio, which was student founder in 1923 and which remained until 1933. In 1931 he entered the Faculty of law of the Central University of Venezuela (UCV). Between 1932 and 1934 he was Secretary of the Central Council of the Association of Venezuelan Catholic Youth and in May 1936, he collaborated in the Foundation of the National Union of students (UNE). In 1933, he traveled to Rome to participate in the Ibero-American Congress of Catholic students.
In the month of July 1935 wins the Andrés Bello prize created by the Venezuelan Academy of the language, with an essay on the life and work of the humanist. At age 20, he was appointed Deputy Director of the National Labour Office. At age 23, he published "labour law", one of the classic texts in Venezuelan universities. He was teaching as a Professor of labor law at the Universidad Central de Venezuela and Universidad Católica Andrés Bello. Collaborated in the newspaper "the national".
He founded the party of National action (1941) and was one of the founders of the COPEI. Candidate for the Presidency of Venezuela in 1947, 1958, and 1963, he won the elections in 1968, replaced Raúl Leoni. On February 2, 1994 takes office as President for the second time (in 1983 participated without success), after breaking away from COPEI and create a new political organization called National convergence.
The priorities of his second term were aimed to restore the harmony of a nation greatly moved on its foundations by two attempts of coup d'etat in 1992 (4 February and 27 November) and the opening of a judicial process to outgoing President Carlos Andrés Pérez.
On 2 February 1999 he ended his term with the takeover of Hugo Chávez.
He was named doctor Honoris Causa in universities.
Rafael Caldera died in Caracas on December 24, 2009.

Biography of Gustavo Diaz Ordaz

(12/03/1911 - 1979/07/15)

Gustavo Díaz Ordaz
Mexican politician

He was born on March 12, 1911 in San Andrés Chalchicomula (now Serdantown), in the State of Puebla.
He studied law in the Universidad de Puebla and graduated as a lawyer in 1937. Officer of Justice and judge of Tecamachalco; later President of the Board of conciliation and arbitration and later the High Court.
In 1943 he was Congressman and then Senator of the Republic. In the Ministry of the Interior was director of Legal Affairs and senior officer, in 1958 he obtained the ownership of that unit. He resigned in 1963 when he is appointed Institutional Revolutionary Party candidate for the Presidency of the Republic.
He was elected and took office on December 1, 1964. He ended his term on November 30, 1970. In its mandate developed administrative reform, the construction of the steel Lázaro Cárdenas in the trout and the expansion of the hydraulic infrastructure to build 107 dams. The works of the metro in the city of Mexico and it passed a New labour law to improve the employment situation of workers. Also under its mandate originated the 1968 student movement, which culminated in the bloody massacre in the Plaza of the three cultures of Tlatelolco, October two. During his management was organized in Mexico 1968 Olympics. To hand over power in 1970, he retired from public life.
Seven years later, the Government of José López Portillo appointed Ambassador of Mexico in Spain.
Gustavo Díaz died on July 15, 1979 in the City of Mexico .

Biography of José Tomás Boves

(1782/09/18 - 1814/12/05)

José Tomás Boves and Church
Military Spanish, Commander of the army of Windward and leader of the Llaneros over the course of the war of independence of Venezuela during the second Republic (1813-1814)

He was born on September 18, 1782 in Oviedo, Spain.
His father at the age of five, both his mother and his two sisters had to act as servants, but he was able to enter the Royal Institute in Oviedo, and pilot 2nd class at age 16, 1st two years later.
He worked at the company Pla y Portal, highlighting its effectiveness. It requested square to the offices of the firm in Venezuela was provided where a midshipman post between Puerto Cabello and La Guaira.
Beset by the needs of his family in Spain, agreed to the bribe from smugglers so was imprisoned for ten months and confined the rest of the penalty in the town of Brig. Expelled Midshipmenbody, was established in the region of Los Llanos , where failed to install a general store in the town not taking much to expand the business with the buying and selling of horses.
He detested the arrogance of the Creole oligarchy, preferring the company of blacks and mulattos. Joins the ranks Patriots when begins the War of independence in Venezuela during 1811 being arrested and sentenced to death before the advance of the troops realistic, which arrived in time to save him. On May 23, 1812 he was promoted to Commander of urban value, especially in the action of San Juan de Morros. He was assigned to the town of Dungeon, one of the small towns of Los Llanos, and commissioned to mobilize a force of cavalry in that region, activity that began in August 1813, after spreading the realistic quota of Juan Manuel Cagigal. It binds to the column of vanguard of Domingo de Monteverde army under the command of Antoñanzas. It wasn't long in becoming llanero leader thanks to his courage and knowledge of the region. Mestizos and mulattos joined their ranks, his charisma and leadership manages to gather approximately 700 of these, the contingent grows thanks to the active recruit to indulge in Boves and his lieutenants, using both arguments political and ideological service to the King of Spain, as of combat against the hated oligarchy of the province for the purpose , and also with promises of career in the army and participation in the spoils of war. Applied harsh measures against draft evaders and deserters.
Since the end of 1813 commanded the army which defeated the Patriots in the battle of La Puerta. Spanish military commander in the service of the insurgents, Juan Vicente Campo Elías, defeats Boves in the savanna of mosquito net and carries out various punitive actions against populations and inhabitants of the Plains, which fail but favor the recruit of his opponent who improvises everything you need for the war that holds and also all types of ammunition-military utility. Forces of Boves, that her boss trains at el médano from Cazorla do not stop growing and throughout the early months of 1814 obtained successive successes against the insurgents. In February,Rosete, one of the lieutenants of Boves, defeat to Juan Bautista Arismendi, and shortly after the boss of the Royal Army of Barlovento, title that proclaimed Boves since the end of the previous year, combat in San Mateo against Simón Bolívar. The realistic count then with approximately 6,500 men. The action of Boves in San Mateo facilitates the recovery of the initiative by the realistic regular forces operating from their strongholds on the coast.
In parallel to these manoeuvres, in February 1814 a revolt of the slaves of the plantation takes place in the Barlovento region against the forces of Simón Bolívar and other insurgent leaders against the Spanish Government. Assumes the leadership of this movement Juan José Navarro, which defeats Arismendi and directs a campaign in the rearguard of the forces of Bolivar. In the month of June, 1814, Bolívar achieved a victory at Carabobo against the regular forces of Cagigal, but a few days later is defeated by Boves at the second battle of the door. Occupies in July Valencia and Caracas, which assumes the functions of captain general in practice reveal themselves as a good steward of the occupied territories. In the months following his army reaches about 20,000 men, of them six or seven thousand operations, organized into regiments of Cavalry , which directs personally, taking part in loads and fighting hand-to-hand taking greater risk, resulting in injuries on several occasions. Infantry, counting about 2,500 men, consists of two regiments to three battalions each, commanded by Guide Calderon and Manuel Machado, and the so-called preference battalion, commanded by Rafael López. He also composed of Indians and mestizos mainly guerrilla games.
Boves forces carried out looting in areas or conquered cities. The productive assets, rural and urban farms, farms, are confiscated by the realistic authority and leased or sold for the benefit of the Treasury of the province. The crackdown on insurgents responds to the proclamation of war to death by Bolivar at the beginning of his campaign. The killing of political leaders and military vanquished insurgents and many officers is usual. With the defeat of Bolivar province independence cause succumbs. Boves forces act in late 1814 on the eastern part, still in the insurgents, whose last remnants are annihilated.
Unfortunately for the realistic cause, on December 5, 1814, in the last major battle of Urica, in AnzoáteguiState, falls victim of a lanzada to go according to your usual cavalry. Happens on the remote their hitherto second, the bird Tomás Morales, who will take part in the successive campaigns in the province. José Tomás Boves, in front of his Royal Army of Barlovento, put end to the second Venezuelan Republic (1813-1814) after repeatedly beating Simón Bolívar and other secessionist leaders.

Biography of Ramón Castilla

(1797/08/31 - 1867/05/30)

Ramón Castilla
General and Peruvian politician, President (1845-1851, 1855-1862)

He was born on August 31, 1797 in the province of Tarapacá (today Chile).
Second son of don Pedro Castilla natural of Argentina and of Doña Juana Marquesa de Romero, his older brother is called Leandro.
In 1807 at the age of ten he traveled to Lima to study with his brother, soon travels to Concepción (Chile) where he completed his studies and helped his brother in a business.
Castilla entered the Spanish army ranks, but in 1822 he joined the revolutionary forces of José de San Martín to fight in wars for the emancipation of Latin America (1810-1824), taking part in the battle of Ayacucho. With independence, he was appointed Prefect of his home province (1824) and Chief of the General staff (1830).
In 1837, he joined the revolt against Andrés Santa Cruz, President of the Confederation de (1836-1839) and escapes to Chile, where returns with the restorative campaign led by Manuel Bulnes, to intervene successfully in the battle of Yungay which put an end to the Confederacy. He was Minister of war from President Agustín Gamarra. In the period of the military anarchy it gave its support to the constitutional President, Manuel Menéndez and faced Manuel Ignacio de Vivanco on Carmen Alto, returning power to Menendez.
In 1845, was President of Peru. Strong revenues from the exploitation of guanowere received under its mandate. For commercialization established the system of domestic consignees. In 1851, he was succeeded by José Rufino Echenique. Then Castilla abolished tribute indigenous and slavery (1854) and put an end to the Government of Echenique in the battle of La Palma, being named Chairman provisional and later ratified in the Presidency by Congress.
In his second term, it fostered the development of railway and guano-derived industries of nitrates . The constitutions of 1856, of liberal tendency, and that of 1860, which remained in force until 1920 were. In 1862, he lost presidential elections to Miguel de San Román, so it withdrew from politics, although he returned to it in 1865 as President of the Peruvian Senate.
Ramón Castilla died on May 30, 1867 in Tiliviche.