Biography of Robert Brown… Muhammad… Rafael Urdaneta… Charles de Coulomb - Charles-Augustin de Coulomb…

Biography of Robert Brown

(21/12/1773 - 1858/06/10)

Robert Brown
British botanist

He was born December 21, 1773 in Montrose, Forfar (Scotland).
He studied studied medicine and natural sciences at the University of Edinburgh.
In the year 1800 he participated in an expedition along the Australian coast. In 1805 on its return, it brought almost 4,000 species of Australian plants. In 1810 was in charge of the library and the collections of the British naturalist sir Joseph Banks were transferred to the British Museum in 1827. He was curator of the Department botanical Museum.
He promoted the progress of plant taxonomy, his most important scientific contributions were the movement of microscopic particles, the discovery of the nucleus of the plant cell, and the distinction between Gymnosperms and Angiosperms. Due to it the term "cell nucleus".
"Brownian motion" is a random, sharp and incessant agitation movement which encourages fine solid particles suspended in a liquid. It was observed for the first time by Brown in 1827.
Robert Brown died in London on June 10, 1858.

Biography of Muhammad- Abu'I-asim ibn Abd Allah Mohammed

(Unknown - Unknown)

Muhammad
Abu'I-asim ibn Abd Allah Mohammed
Main Prophet of Islam

It is believed that he was born in Mecca, Western Saudi City (known as Al - Hijaz region). His family was part of the clan of Hashim, part of the tribe of Quraysh, who dominated Mecca. His father, Abdalla, died before his birth; her mother, Amina, died when he was very young. He was raised by his grandfather first, and then by his uncle Abu Taleb. From a young age she works keeping cattle. It is said that Mahoma beat him due to a dream that his grandfather had. Who also received other names, such as Abul-Qasim and Ahmad Mustafa. He traveled to Syria as a young man as part of a trade Caravan. During his stay, he was recognized as Prophet by holy men and Jewish and Christian scholars. His Prophet status was indicated by marks on his body and miraculous signs of his nature. A widow named Khadija, hired him as an administrator. It is stated that it was 25 years old when he married to Khadija, is House in year 595, according to the Marriage Act, where it is recognized as the most perfect man of the tribe. After the death of Khadija, it maintained relations with many others, the most famous of which is perhaps the young Aisha. Scholar of the religious themes of Judaism and Christianity, performed meditations on the solitary mount Hira. With 40 years suffered his first prophetic experience when he retired to a cave in the mountain, on the outskirts of Mecca. There was the vision of the Archangel Gabriel, who ordered him to "preach" (iqra), announced you that God had chosen him as his Messenger and sent along with the men; It taught him the ablution (ritual purification baths) and the way of worshiping God, prayer and a divine message. Thus, began to preach Islam based on the principles of the unity of God and the immortality of the soul. At the beginning only followers were his closest family, then his intimate friends, then the people of his tribe and finally publicly preached in the city and its surroundings. In his appeal attacks first idolatry, polytheism and Atheism: emphasizes the need to believe in a single God and transcendent, the resurrection and last judgement, invites the charity and beneficence. After a period during which did not receive any other revelation, they resumed and continued until his death. There are two stories that, according to tradition, dating back to the beginning of the path of Muhammad as Prophet. One of them says that while he slept, two Angels opened the chest and removed any trace of unbelief and sin which found in him. The second counts how was born the evening up to the throne of God in heaven. In the morning he found again in Mecca. Famous story of the night journey (Isra), which provided the subject for a lot of allegories in the (sufi) mystical Islam. The followers of Muhammad were not numerous, and most of the inhabitants of the city accused they subvert the religion of their ancestors. A narration means that desperate to attract to your cause to the inhabitants of Mecca, he was tempted by Satan to proclaim certain verses as divine revelation. These verses recognized three goddesses worshiped the residents of Mecca, giving them a place in Islam as intermediaries between God and men. On hearing this, the people of Mecca accepted Islam. However, the angel Gabriel communicated you that the alleged revelation came from Satan and not God's, and revealed to him the exact words (which today we read in the Quran). The opposition against Muhammad and his followers in Mecca reached such proportions that, after sending his followers to seek refuge in Christian Abyssinia (now Ethiopia), and after a failed attempt to gain support in the nearby town of Taif, in 622 Mahoma moved with some of his companions to the agricultural settlement of Yathrib, about 300 kilometers to the North. This event, known as Hijra (Hegira), was the turning point of the fate of Muhammad. The first Muslim community (umma) was established after the Hegira in Yathrib, and later the episode marked the beginning of the Muslim calendar, known as "Hegira era". Shortly thereafter, Yathrib would change its name to Medina. One of the reasons that explain the growing acceptance of the authority of Muhammad in Medina were its military successes. Attacks on caravans from Mecca led to an important victory over a powerful force military city at Badr, 624. Grew the prestige of Muhammad, the neighboring tribes began to establish alliances with him and accept Islam. In the 628 could sign the Treaty of al - Hudaibiya with Mecca. Although this Treaty involved a series of concessions on your part, it had the effect of matching the range of their community with the Mecca. The 630 he succeeded in getting control of Mecca almost without opposition. The inhabitants of the city that it had faced him in another era accepted Islam. The Kaaba, which already had become central to the ideas of Islam, was finally open to Muslims. After the conquest of Mecca, the prestige and authority of Muhammad continued to expand throughout the Arabian peninsula, and the Muslim forces arrived to the South of Syria. In 632, Mahoma traveled last time from Mecca to Medina to perform the pilgrimage (hach) ceremonies. This episode is called a pilgrimage of farewell, since shortly afterwards, after returning to Medina, died. He was buried at his home in Medina, and the second importance of Islam mosque was built close to his grave.

Biography of Rafael Urdaneta

(1788/10/24 - 1845/08/23)

Rafael Urdaneta
Venezuelan politician, President of the Gran Colombia (1830-1831)

October 24, 1788 was born in Maracaibo, Venezuela.
He studied Latin and philosophy. In 1810 when Bogota declares independence, enlists in the army as a Lieutenant, where Ascend up to Lieutenant Colonel and in 1812. He joined Bolívar and plays a significant role in the Admirable Campaign.
It was a general at the age of 26. President of the Senate, general commander of Cundinamarca, Secretary of war and Navy of the Republic of Gran Colombia and a Member of the Constituent Congress.
After forcing to resign President Joaquín Mosquera (1830), took the Chair. In the absence of support, in 1831 he returned to power to Sunday Caicedo, Vice President of Mosquera. His political activity continued in Venezuela, whose secession from the grancolombiano State occurred in 1829. He was Secretary of war and Navy.
Rafael Urdaneta died on August 23, 1845, in Paris, when he was diplomatic functions.

Biography of Charles de Coulomb - Charles-Augustin de Coulomb

(1736/06/14 - 1806/08/23)

Charles de Coulomb
Charles-Augustin de Coulomb
French physicist

He was born June 14, 1736 in Angoulême (France).
Military engineer in the West Indies (Antilles), later settled in Blois (France), where he conducts research on magnetism and electricity.
In 1777 he devised the torsion balance to measure the strength of magnetic and electrical attraction. Thanks to this invention, he was able to establish the principle, now known as Coulomb's law, which governs the interaction between electric charges. In 1779 he published the treatise theory of simple machines, an analysis of the friction in machines. The unit of measurement of electric charge, the Coulomb, was named in his honor.
Charles de Coulomb died in Paris on August 23, 1806.