Biography of Socrates… Nelson Mandela… Francisco Villa - Pancho Villa… Karl Marx…

Biography of Socrates

(Unknown - Unknown)
Socrates
Greek philosopher

"He speaks so I see you"
Socrates
Was born the a.C. 470 at Alopece, a village of Athens.
It is believed it was little graceful and short of stature. As a child he showed ease of Word and acuity of reasoning. His father was a Mason or sculptor called Sophroniscusand his mother was Phaenarete, midwife.
In principle he received regular education not belonging to an upper class family. Before becoming philosopher, he worked as a bricklayer and stonemason for several years with his father. Trained in literature, music and gymnastics. Diogenes Laércio, in his lives of the philosophers, tells that Socrates had as teachers to Anaxagoras, Archelaus , and Damon and also said that he was a lover of the latter; be familiar with the dialectic and rhetoric of the Sophists.
Socrates was married to Xantipa, a young woman with approximately 30 years younger than him and that because of his bad character and its derogatory treatment towards Socrates, would happen to how insolent and cruel history. For his part, Aristotle says that it also had a second wife, a such Myrtle. He was father of three sons: Lamprocles , Menexenusand Sophroniscus.
In the Peloponnesian War takes part as a soldier Hoplite (infantrysoldier ) against Sparta, in the battles of Potidaea in 432-430 B.c. (saved to the statesman and orator Alcibiades being general was wounded), Delion in 424 BC, and Amphipolis 422 BC His strength and skill in the campaigns military are attested by Alcibiades, who highlighted the value of Socrates in battle.
With a great sharpness of reasoning and ease of Word, he spent most of his life in the markets and public squares of Athens by holding discussions and responding through questions, a method called maieutics, or knowledge through the questioning. He did not write any book or nor a regular school of philosophy founded. All that is known with certainty about it is because two of his notable disciples: the historian Xenophonand Plato . His contribution to philosophy has been a marked ethical tone. Based on his teachings and what they taught, was the belief in an objective understanding of the concepts of Justice, love and virtue and knowledge of one's self. He believed that all Vice is the result of ignorance and that no person wants to evil; in turn, virtue is knowledge, and those who know the good, will act fairly.
Socrates was master of Aristippus, who founded the Cyrenaica philosophy of experience and pleasure. He suffered the distrust of many disliked that their attitude towards the Athenian State and established religion. He was accused in 399 BC of scorn the gods of the State and of introducing new deities. Also to corrupt the morals of the youth away from the principles of democracy, and it confused him with the sophists. The Apology of Plato collects the essence of his defense on their own judgment. Being sentenced to death, his friends planned his escape but it complied with the ruling. Being able to flee, he chose abide by the sentence given by the Justice of the polis to die doing honour to its philosophy. He spent his last days with his friends and followers, as collected in the Phaedo of Plato work, and during his final night fulfilled the sentence drinking a cup of hemlock. His last words were: "Crito, owe a cock to Asclepius. Not forget to pay it".
After his death appeared the Socratic schools and the Platonic Academy.

Biography of Nelson Mandela

(1918/07/18 - 2013/12/05)
Nelson Mandela
Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela
South African politician

After climbing a mountain very high, we discovered that there are many other mountains to climb.
Nelson Mandela
He was born on July 18, 1918 in Mvezo, Cape.
He was one of 15 children of Henry Mgadla Mandela, Chief of the Supreme Chief of Thembuland, who, on the death of his father, became guardian of Mandela.
At age five he was shepherding sheep and calves. He was the first member of his family to attend school. The English name 'Nelson' was given by a teacher, as it was the custom.
At the end of primary education at a local missionary school, he studied at the University College of Fort Hare to obtain his Bachelor of Arts degree and where it comes into contact with politics and knows Oliver Tambo. Both took part in a student strike in 1940 which meant his expulsion from the Center. Then he meets Walter Sisulu, who provided him with a job in a law firm.
In 1944, along with Sisulu, Tambo and Anton Lembede, founded the youth branch of the African National Congress (ANC). He became the National Secretary of this organization in 1948 and although in principle opposed to collaborate with other racial groups, changed his mind in 1952 during the course of the so-calledCampaign of challenge. Therefore it supported the joint action against the Government's policy of apartheid. At that time, was national President of the youth branch of the ANC, and with Tambo, had founded the first law firm run by blacks in South Africa. In December 1952, he was arrested by virtue of the Suppression of Communism Act (Act of repression of communism). Though his nine-month sentence was suspended, was forbidden to attend rallies or leave the District of Johannesburg. This prohibition would be renewed repeatedly over the next nine years. Despite this disqualification, he continued to work with the leaders of the ANC. In December of 1956 was, along with 156 others, tried for treason. The trial lasted until 1961 and ended with the acquittal of all charges. After the killing of Sharpeville, where 69 black citizens were murdered by the South African security forces during a demonstration against the apartheid, banned the ANC and the Pan-African Congress (PAC). In March 1961, in order to prevent his arrest and a new disqualification, Mandela went underground and, together with Sisulu, secretly toured the country to organize a three-day strike. While initially it was committed with the non-violent protest, he changed his stance at the beginning of the 1960s and began to advocate for a campaign of sabotage against the Government. In June 1961, the leaders of the ANC decided to start the armed struggle and created the Umkhonto we Size ('the Spear of the nation'), armed wing of the ANC, with Mandela as leader. In January 1962, he left South Africa and attended the Pan-African Conference in Addis Ababa (Ethiopia); later he traveled to Algeria, where he received training to fight guerrilla, and finally to London, city in which met with the leaders of the opposition in exile. He returned to his country in July of that year and he was arrested on August 5, accused of rebellion and illegal abandonment of the country, so it was sentenced to five years in prison. While he was in prison, the police registered headquarters of the ANC in Rivonia. Most of the leading members of this organization were arrested; also seized various documents, among which was the newspaper written by Mandela during his trip abroad.
He and other activists were tried, in what is known as the Rivoniatreason trial. It lasted from October 1963 to June 1964, and carried out his own defence and that of the other defendants. He was sentenced to life imprisonment. For more than 25 years he was the world's most famous political prisoner. He spent 18 years at Robben Islandprison, before being transferred to the of Pollsmoor (Cape Town) in 1982, date in which began an international campaign for his release. During the years that remained in the Robben Island prison, he was forced to perform hard labour in the mines of the island lime. They not allowed to wear dark glasses and the reflections of the Sun on lime damaged their eyes forever. While in the jail died his mother and one of his sons, but was denied permission to attend his funeral. In 1985, turned down the offer of the President Pieter Willem Botha's parole on the premise that the President was not willing to change its position on the apartheid regime.
The Government of President Frederik Willem de Klerk released Mandela in February 1990, after legalizing the ANC and other political parties. Mandela took over the leadership of the ANC and led the negotiations with the Government between the difficult years of 1990 and 1994, when on many occasions seemed that negotiations would break and that violence would explode. In 1991, the South African regime repealed the last of laws constituting the legal basis of apartheid. Mandela and De Klerk shared in 1993 the Nobel Peace Prize for his efforts to establish democracy and racial harmony in South Africa. In May 1994, after the first general elections in which all racial groups (including blacks) had the right to vote, Mandela became the first President of the Republic of South Africa black. Upon assuming his post as President he gave up a third of the salary and created the Nelson Mandela Fund for children. After parliamentary approval, in May 1996, of the new South African Constitution, the own Mandela signed it in December of that year before thousands of people in Johannesburg, thus putting an end to the period of transition to democracy started with his release from prison in 1990 and also meaning the disappearance of the coalition Government formed by the ANC and the National party of Frederik Willem de Klerk. Mandela became definitively, in 1997, in an undisputed leader of African international relations, to mediate in various conflicts, as in of Zaire (today Democratic Republic of the Congo), which in the first half of this year finally be the end of the regime of Mobutu Sese Seko.
On 20 June 1999, Mandela hands power to his successor, Thabo Mbeki, and retires from politics, at least formally. Since he left office he assumed various responsibilities of leadership in several areas, including the negotiations on the conflict in the Great Lakes region.
In July 2001, the office of Nelson Mandela announced that the former South African President, suffers from prostate cancer.
Mandela married three times and had 5 children. Winnie Mandela, his former wife, It was arrested accused of fraud and theft in a case of bank loans. His last wife is the former first lady of Mozambique, Graça Machel.
In addition to the Nobel Prize of peace 1993, received more than 250 Awards, including titles from more than 50 universities around the world. He was the last person to receive the prize Lenin of the peace of the Soviet Union.
Nelson Mandela died in the company of his family at his home in Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa, around 20:50 localtime from the 5 of December of 2013, at 95.
That was South African President and leader in the anti-apartheid struggle drew from years ago a delicate state of health. He was hospitalized on June 8 this year in Pretoria, due to pneumonia, which kept him away from the official events. His last public appearance occurred in 2010 during the football World Cup which was held in his country.
In 2009, the United Nations declared that the Nelson Mandela international day is celebrated on 18 July each year (his birthday), in order to honor his legacy and promote community service.
Charges
President of South Africa
10 May 1994 - June 14, 1999
Predecessor
Frederik Willem de Klerk
Successor
Thabo Mbeki
Secretary general of the MPNA
1998-1999
Awards
Order of the Aztec Eagle (2010)
Arthur Ashe Award (2009)
Ambassador of conscience Award awarded by Amnesty International (2006)
Keys to the city (2004)
Nobel Peace Prize in 1993
Mahatma Gandhi peace prize
Order of Canada
Premio Príncipe de Asturias international cooperation (1992)
Order of St. John
Medal of freedom presidential (2002)
Order to the merit of the United Kingdom (1995)
Isithwalandwe (1992)
Bharat Ratna (1990)
Peace (1990) Lenin Prize
National order José Martí, Cuba (1992)
International Award Simón Bolívar (1983)
National Peace Prize (1995)
(1988) Sakharov Prize
Sculpture in the Palace of Westminster, London (2007)
Order of merit of the FIFA
Doctor Honoris Causa from:
Universidad Europea de Madrid
Universidad Andrés Bello in Chile
Walden University (United States)
Peruvian University of applied sciences
University of Bilgi (Istanbul)
University of Carabobo (Venezuela)
University of the Americas, Ecuador
University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (Canary Islands)

Biography of Francisco Villa - Pancho Villa

(1878/06/05 - 20/07/1923)
Pancho Villa
José Doroteo Arango Arámbula
Mexican revolutionary leader

Was born on June 5, 1878 in La Coyotada, a tiny population of the municipality of San Juan del Río, Durango.
His parents were Arango and Micaela Arámbula.
Villa grew up to be rancher and did not learn to read; not had the opportunity to attend school because his family needed him to work on the farm and pay the debts of his father. Following the death of his father took the family working muleteer in the hacienda "El Gorgojito" of Augustine Lopez Negrete. In 1894 he shot injured Squire to find him dishonouring her sister, who was 16 years old, and had fled pursued by the justice. He remained hidden in the mountain where he joined bandits led by Ignacio Parr and changed its name to the Francisco Villa. During those years was appreciated by the partitioning between the poor much of what he stole.
When the Mexican Revolution broke out in 1910 against Porfirio Díaz, was put under the orders of the opposition leader Francisco i. Madero. It was a good guerrilla chief, recruited laborers and small settlers dispossessed of their lands in their troops, and prominently participated in several battles against the federal Government. During the administration of Madero, was under the command of the Mexican general Victoriano Huerta, who, suspicious of him, sentenced him to death for insubordination. Pancho Villa was transferred to the prison of Lecumberri where it was from June to November 1912. In December he was transferred to the prison of Santiago Tlatelolco, where escaped on Christmas day at 3 in the afternoon. It is said that while in prison he learned to read and write. He escaped to the United States, but returned after the murder of Madero and the arrival to power of Huerta, in 1913, joining the Constitutionalist army created by Venustiano Carranza. He took control of the State of Chihuahua and formed the División del Norte, occupying the cities of Torreon, Ciudad Juárez and Zacatecas.
It showed between 1913-1914 had don for public administration. As provisional Governor of Chihuahua, he restored order quickly, cheapened necessities, opened literary and scientific Institute, waived arrears of contributions, issued paper money, created 50 schools in a month, sent his men to help with the harvest and ordered the repair of railroads and telegraph lines by imposing hard code that applied to their own troops. He established the prohibition for the army and threatened to shoot who found drinking.
He entered the City of Mexico along with Emiliano Zapata in November 1914, after rejecting the authority of Carranza. He suffered a severe defeat in Celaya regarding the general Obregón, so it withdrew the State of Chihuahua, snatching properties to large landowners.
On March 9, 1916 he crossed the border and attacked the American city of Columbus (New Mexico), killing several people and destroying part of it. When Carranza was overthrown in 1920, Adolfo de la Huerta invites you to lay down their weapons. After accepting the Amnesty signed the conventions of Sabinas in 1920, received property 25 thousand hectares Canutillo Ranch , close to Hidalgo del Parral, Chihuahua, it exploded with his former colleagues from the Division of the North, the Golden.
He had numerous lovers and was polygamous as with many of them she got married by the Church. Villa was a beautiful man, but a powerful figure and not missed women to lie with pregnant with him, and for many of them, by the revolutionary leader was an honor. The number of his lovers is impossible to ascertain, however have been documented up to 23 wives. He is considered that Luz Corral, was the great love of his life, although it certainly was not the only one, and with nearly all its women, Villa left offspring. All their wives put their house and kept all his children, he even sent some to study in United States.
On July 20, 1923, Francisco Villa embarks on the last trip when he was heading to a family party in Hidalgo del Parral, Chihuahua, where he dies shot together with his friend, Colonel Miguel Trujillo in his car.
In February 1926, his remains were desecrated disappearing head nicknamed "Centaur of the North". In 1976, his mortal remains were transferred to the monument of the revolution.
Corrido de Pancho Villa
(Popular mexicana)
I was soldier of Francisco Villa
from immortal fame man
that though it was sitting in the Chair
It envidiara not the presidential.
Now I live there by the shore
Recalling that time immortal,
ayayay,
now I live there by the shore
beyond remembering Villa by Parral.
I was one of those golden
with time it became more
We were crippled in the fight
defending the homeland and honor.
Today remember the past
I fight with the invader
ayayay,
today remember the past
those golden that I was more.
My horse riding both
in Jimenez death reached
a bullet that to me I had
your body is through him.
To die of pain relinchaba
country life delivered
ayayay,
to die of pain relinchaba
how I cried you when he died.
Pancho Villa you've recorded
in my mind and in my heart
and although I was sometimes defeated
by the forces of Álvaro Obregón
I always walked as a faithful soldier
until the end of the revolution
ayayay,
I always walked as a faithful soldier
that he has both fought at the foot of the Canyon.

Biography of Karl Marx

(1818/05/05 - 1883/03/14)
Karl Heinrich Marx
Karl Marx
German philosopher

"In Communist society, where no one has an exclusive sphere of activity, but each one can be done in the field you want to, society regulates the general production, making each possible today doing one thing and tomorrow another: hunting in the morning, fish after eating, raising cattle in the evening, and criticize dinner;" everything according to your own wishes and without converting is never in Hunter, fisherman, or in pastor or in critical"
Karl Marx.
He was born May 5, 1818, in the 664 Bruckergasse of trier (Trier), city that was then part of the Kingdom of Prussia (now Germany).
It was the third of nine children of Henrietta Pressburg and Heinrich Marx, a lawyer Jewish liberal, who converted to Protestantism with the family to avoid the limitations of anti-Semitic legislation.
Karl was baptized a Lutheran Church in August 1824. His maternal grandfather was a Dutch Rabbi, while paternal line there were rabbis in Trier from 1723.
Karl became an atheist and materialist, rejecting both the Christian religion as Jewish. Was it own Marx who coined the aphorism "religion is the opium of the people". His father was the first to receive a secular education; He became a lawyer and was relatively rich.
He received lessons from his father until 1830, when he entered the Jesuit Gymnasium of Trier, whose director, Hugo Wyttenbach, was a friend of his father. He was excused from military service when he was 18 and studied at the universities of Bonn, Berlin and Jena. Marx was low and Husky, had long hair and dark skin, so his family and friends called him Mohr in German, Moro in Spanish.
In 1836 he undertook with Jenny von Westphalen, a Baroness belonging to the Prussian ruling class sister of the Prussian Minister of Interior, who knew since childhood. Their commitment was socially controversial due to ethnic differences and class. Marx became friends with the father of the young man (a liberal aristocrat) and dedicated to him his doctoral thesis. Seven years after his commitment, on June 19, 1843, married in a Protestant Church in Kreuznach, after the death of the parents, who opposed the relationship.
In 1842 an article was published in the Rheinische Zeitung in Cologne, later becoming Editor-in-Chief. He had problems with the authorities by the criticisms made about the social and political conditions in their newspaper articles and was forced to leave his position at the newspaper in 1843.
He moved to Paris where is expelled and settled in Brussels where locks a friendship that lasts a lifetime with Frederick Engels. They exchanged thoughts and views, coming to the conclusion that both had the same conception of the nature of the problems revolutionary. They worked together in the analysis of the theoretical approaches of communism and in the Organization of an international workers movement dedicated to the dissemination of those. They write The Holy Family (1845) and The German ideology (1845-1846) against Feuerbach and the Hegelian idealists left.
It organizes and runs a network of groups called committees of correspondence Communist, established in several European cities. Two years later, Marx and Engels were commissioned to develop a statement of principles that serve to unify all these partnerships and integrate them into the League of the righteous (Communist League), thus was born the Communist Manifesto.
Central propositions of the manifestoby Marx, constitute the conception of historical materialism, Concepción made later in the critique of political economy (1859). This thesis presents the dominant economic system in each historical epoch, whereby the vital needs of individuals are met. This determines the social structure and the political and intellectual superstructure of each period. Thus, the history of the society is the story of the struggles between the exploiters and the exploited.
After the publication of the manifesto, erupted revolutionary processes (the revolutions of 1848) in France, Germany and the Austrian Empire, and he was expelled from Belgium. He returned to Paris and then to the Rhineland. He founded and edited in Cologne a communist publication, the Neue Rheinische Zeitung (New Rhenish Gazette), and collaborated in organizing activities of working groups. In 1849 he was arrested and tried on charges of inciting armed rebellion. He was acquitted, but drove him out of Germany and the magazine was closed. Some time later the French authorities also forced him to leave the country and moved to London, where he remained the rest of his days.
It produced several works that were forming the doctrinal foundation of Communist theory, among them is his most important essay, capital (volume 1, 1867; volumes 2 and 3, published by Engels and published posthumously in 1885 and 1894, respectively), an historical analysis and detailed the economy of the capitalist system, which developed the following theory : the working class is exploited by the capitalist class to adapt thissurplus value'(capital gains) produced by that. His second work, the civil war in France (1871), analyzed the experience of the French revolutionary Government (The Paris Commune), established in this city during the Franco-Prussian War. It interpreted its creation and existence as a historical confirmation of the need for workers to take power through an armed insurrection and destroy the capitalist state.
He developed the theory in the critique of the Gotha program (1875) in the following terms: "between the capitalist and communist systems is the period of revolutionary transformation from one into another. This phase corresponds to a period of transition, whose state cannot be other than the revolutionary dictatorship of the proletariat". He also wrote Chronicles on social and political events for newspapers in Europe and the United States, including several articles on the 'liberal revolutions' in Spain and Hispanic America.
He worked as a correspondent for the New York Tribune from 1852 to 1861 and wrote several articles for the New American Cyclopedia. The Communist League was dissolved in 1852 and contacted hundreds of revolutionaries in order to create another organization of the same ideology. His efforts and those of its partners culminated in 1864 with the Foundation in London of the First international. He gave the inaugural speech, wrote its bylaws and later directed the work of the General Council (governing body), overcoming criticism of the supporter group of Mikhail Bakunin'scharacter anarchist. When removed the Paris Commune, which had involved members of the 1st International, the influence of this organization declined and recommended to move its headquarters to United States.
Marx and Jenny von Westphalen had seven children, but due to the poor conditions in which they lived in London, only three of them survived until adulthood. Eleonora Marx participated in the feminist movement; Laura Marx, married the French Socialist leader Paul Lafargue, and committed suicide with him in 1911. It also said that Marx fathered another son, Freddy, out of wedlock with his housekeeper, Helene Demuth.
During the last two decades of his life, he fought against the physical ailments that prevented him working in his political and literary works. He suffered from liver disorder; outbreaks of anthrax, boils in the neck, chest, back and buttocks (often not could sit); toothache pain; eye inflammations; Lung abscesses; hemorrhoids; Pleurisy; persistent headaches and coughing, which made it impossible to sleep without drugs.
After the death of his wife from cancer on December 2, 1881, Marx developed a cold which caused ill-health during his last 15 months, has led to bronchitis and later suffered a Pleurisy which finally ending his life on March 14, 1883 in London, when he was 64 years old. He died as stateless and his body was buried in the cemetery in Highgate, London, on March 17, 1883.
Works
Scorpion and Felix (1837)
Difference between the philosophy of the nature of Democritus and Epicurus (1841)
Critique of the philosophy of law of Hegel (1843)
On the Jewish question (1843)
Notes on James Mill (1844)
Economic and philosophical manuscripts (1844)
Theses on Feuerbach (1845)
The poverty of philosophy (1847)
Working wage and capital (1847)
The struggles of classes in France from 1848 to 1850 (1850)
The 18th Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte (1852)
Grundrisse or fundamental elements to the critique of political economy (1857)
Preface to contribution to critique of political economy (1859)
Theories of surplus value (1862)
Wages, price and profit (1865)
Capital, volume I (1867)
The civil war in France (1871)
Criticism of the program of Gotha (1875)
Notes on Wagner (1880)
With Engels
The German ideology (1845)
The Holy Family (1845)
Communist Manifesto (1848)
The civil war in the United States (1861)
Capital, volume II (1885)
Capital, volume III (1894)