Biography of Pythagoras

(Unknown - Unknown)
Pythagoras
Greek mathematician and philosopher

The 570 a.C.en the island of Samos, near Miletus, perhaps to be son of Menesarco, a wealthy merchant of Samos was born.
He probably travelled to Egypt, Phoenicia and Babylonia. He returned to Samos during the dictatorship of Polycrates (538-522). To 529, he travelled to the South of Italy and founded the Pythagorean brotherhood in Croton.
Educated in the teachings of the first philosophers Ionian as such of Mileto, Anaximander , and Anaximenes. Around 530 BC case settled in Croton, Greek colony in southern Italy, there a movement with political and philosophical purposes, known as pythagoreanism .
The philosophy of Pythagoras is only known through the work of his disciples. The Pythagoreans counseled obedience and silence, abstinence, the simplicity in dress and self-analysis. The first prominent modern vegetarian was Pythagoras. The Pythagorean diet came to mean avoiding the meat of butchered animals. The Pythagorean ethics first became a philosophical morality between 490-430 B.c. with the desire to create a universal and absolute law including an order not kill "living creatures", refrain from "unpleasant strident killing", in particular sacrifices of animals, and "never to eat meat" - "The feast of heretics". They believed in the immortality and the transmigration of the soul. Pythagoras claimed that he had been Euphorbius, and fought during the Trojan war.
Among mathematical investigations of the Pythagoreans are his studies of odd and even numbers, primes and squares, essential in the theory of numbers. They cultivated the concept of number, which became for them the crucial principle of all proportion, order and harmony in the universe. Through these studies, they established a scientific basis for mathematics.
In geometry , they discovered the theorem of the hypotenuse, known as Pythagorean theorem, which States that the square of the hypotenuse of a right triangle is equal to the sum of the squares of the other two sides. In astronomy the Pythagoreans meant a breakthrough in classical scientific thought, since they were the first to see the Earth as a globe rotating with other planets around a central fire. They explained the harmonious order of all things as bodies moving according to a numerical scheme, a sphere of simple and comprehensive reality. They thought that celestial bodies were separated from one another by intervals corresponding to harmonic string lengths and maintained that the movement of the spheres gives rise to a musical sound, call harmony of the spheres.
The Pythagoreans got great political influence in Magna Greece (South of Italy), which provoked reactions against them. The first forced Pythagoras to abandon Crotona and retiring to Métaponte, where it is said that it was left to die of hunger the 495 BC, although there are other versions of his death.
THE GOLDEN VERSES
attributed to Pythagoras
Honored, in the first place, and the immortal gods, worships
to each according to his rank.
Then respects the oath, and reverence to the illustrious heroes,
and also to the underground geniuses:
you turn so what laws rule.
Then honor your parents and your blood relatives.
And others, become a friend of which stands out by virtue.
It yields to gentle words and not you opongas helpful acts.
Do not store grudge to friend a slight lack.
These things do to the extent of your strength,
as possible is located next to what is necessary.
Get you to abide by these precepts,
but atiéne you to dominate
first and foremost the needs of your stomach and your dream,
After starting your appetites and your anger.
Don't ever make a shameful action,
Neither with anyone, nor alone:
Above all, respect yourself.
Then you exercise to practice justice, in words and works,
Learn how to not behave without reason ever.
And knowing that death is the law fatal for all,
than riches, sometimes pleases you to earn them and others you want to lose them.
The sufferings that fit to the mortals by divine design,
the part that you, bear it without indignation;
but it is legitimate that you seek remedy to the extent of your strength;
because there are not so many misfortunes that fall on the good men.
There are many voices, a few unworthy, other nobles, who come to hurt the ear:
Not you though or not you again not to hear them.
When you hear a lie, take it in stride.
But I'm now going to tell you
It is necessary that you turn it always:
Anyone else, by his sayings or deeds,
You stirs you do or say anything that is not better for you.
Think before acting to avoid nonsense:
Act and speak without discernment is of poor people.
You on the other hand always do what cannot damage you.
Not enter into matters that you ignore,
more learn what is necessary:
such is the rule of a pleasant life.
Do not neglect your health,
keep moderation in eating or drinking,
and in the exercise of the body.
By moderation, I mean what do you harm.
Get used to a healthy life without molicie,
and beware of what may attract envy.
You are not dissipated in your expenses
as do those who ignore what is honesty,
But why not let be generous:
There is nothing better than moderation in all things.
Get so that you do not damage, and think before you act.
And don't let that sweet sleep from seizing your droopy eyes
without having reviewed what you did on the day:
"In what I have wrong? What have I done? What duty have failed to comply?"
Starts from the beginning and explore it all,
and reproach you errors and rejoice in its successes.
This is what needs to be done.
These things which must strive to practice,
These things are to love.
For them, you will enter into the divine path of perfection.
For whom he transmitted to our understanding the Tetratkis,
the source of perennial nature.
Maybe later! get to work,
but not before praying to the gods to lead it to perfection.
If you observares these things
you will know the order that prevails among the deathless gods and mortal men,
what things are separated and what are attached.
And you know, as just, is that nature is one and the same everywhere,
so don't wait so there is no wait,
nothing is hidden from your eyes.
You will meet men,
victims of the evils that they themselves impose,
blind to the goods that surround them, which do not hear nor see:
few are those who know how to get rid of misfortune.
Such is the fate that clogs the spirit of mortals,
as children's accounts roll from one side to another,
oppressed by innumerable evils:
because without warning it discord, punished
its natural and sad companion,
that there is no cause, but give you way and flee from it.
O father Zeus! Of how many evils libraries not to men
If you just did to see what demon obey!
But for you, have confidence,
because human beings are made of a divine race
and there are also the sacred nature that shows them and see them all.
Of all of which, if take what belongs to you,
you will observe my commandments,
they are your remedy, and rid your soul with such evils.
It abstiéne you in food as said,
either for the purifications, or for the release of the soul,
judge and think of everything and every one,
your mind, which is the best of your guides hoisting high.
If you neglect your body to fly up to the free orbs of the ether,
you will be a God immortal, incorruptible,
no longer subject to death