Paestum › Furies » Ancient origins
Articles and Definitions › Contents
- Paestum › Antique Origins
- Furies › Who Was
Ancient civilizations › Historical and archaeological sites
Paestum › Antique Origins
Definition and Origins
Paestum, also known by its original Greek name as Poseidonia, was a Greek colony founded on the west coast of Italy, some 80 km south of modern-day Naples. Prospering as a trade centre it was conquered first by the Lucanians and then, with the new Latin name of Paestum, the city became an important Roman colony in the 3rd century BCE. Today it is one of the most visited archaeological sites in the world due to its three excellently preserved large Greek temples.
FOUNDING OF THE COLONY
In the 7th century BCE a second wave of Greek colonization occurred in Magna Graecia and, in c. 600 BCE, colonists from Sybaris in southern Italy founded the colony or city-state ( polis ) of Poseidonia (meaning sacred to Poseidon ) at a spot chosen for its fertile plain, land access through the Lucanian hills, and sea port. According to the ancient historian Strabo, the colonists first built fortifications on the coast before later moving inland to build their city proper. The colony prospered so that by the 6th century BCE there was an important sanctuary (Foce del Sele) and monumental temples dedicated to the Greek goddesses Hera and Athena. The city was planned out in a precise grid pattern and surrounded by walls. The town benefitted from a large agora and became wealthy enough to mint its own coinage and expand its territorial control to the wider countryside. Eventually, Poseidonia administered the plain between the river Sele in the north and the Agropoli promontory to the south.
PAESTUM IS FAMOUS FOR ITS THREE MAGNIFICENT TEMPLES WHICH ARE AMONGST THE BEST SURVIVING EXAMPLES OF ANCIENT GREEK ARCHITECTURE ANYWHERE.
THE TEMPLES
Paestum is most famous today for its three magnificent temples which are amongst the best surviving examples of ancient Greek architecture anywhere. There are two Doric temples dedicated to Hera, which were part of the same sanctuary - Temple of Hera I, also known as the Basilica, and Temple of Hera II, also known as the Temple of Neptune. The third temple, which was dedicated to Athena, is also known as the Temple of Ceres.
The oldest temple is the Temple of Hera I which was built c. 550 BCE. Constructed using brown-tinted local limestone it was originally covered in stucco and measured 54 x 24 metres. Unusually for a Doric temple, each facade has 9 columns with 18 presented along the long sides.
The Temple of Athena was built between c. 510 and 500 BCE. Unusually, the outer columns are of the Doric order while those of the inner pronaos are of the Ionic order. The facades present six fluted columns while the long sides have 13 columns.
The Doric Temple of Hera II was built c. 460 BCE and is the best preserved of the three temples. Also constructed in limestone, it is a little bigger than Temple I. The facades have six fluted columns and the long sides 14. Inside, a double row of slim Doric columns divided the cella into three aisles and once supported a ridged roof of wood and tiles.
Temple of Hera I, Paestum
CONQUERED BY THE LUCANIANS
In the late 5th century BCE Poseidonia's fortunes took a downturn when it was attacked c. 410 BCE by the native Samnite-Oscan people known as the Lucanians. Now under Lucanian control, along with most of the Campania region, Poseidonia, nevertheless, continued to thrive in artistic terms, notably producing large quantities of red-figure pottery. The surviving painted tombs of this period also attest to the skills of Poseidonia's artists. Slabs taken from these tombs can be seen today in the archaeological museum of Paestum. Among the most famous of these fresco wall -paintings are the depictions of reclining aristocrats at a symposium and, from a ceiling slab, a young diver leaping from a platform into a pool, painted c. 480 BCE.
Lucanian control of the city was maintained until the 3rd century BCE, despite a short-lived revolt led by the king of Epirus, Alexander I. The city became fully Oscanized over the centuries but political control of Poseidonia would once again change hands with the arrival of the Romans.
Temple of Athena, Paestum
ROMAN PAESTUM
In 273 BCE Rome, expanding ever southwards down the Italian peninsula, established a Latin colony at the site. The name was then changed to Paestum, which derived from its Lucanian name of Paistom. Given Latin rights and permitted to continue minting its own coinage (an unusual privilege), the city once more prospered even if it came under direct threat from the Carthaginians during the 3rd century BCE Punic Wars. According to Livy, Paestum gave both gold and ships to the Roman war effort and so earned special status compared to other colonies.
In the 2nd century BCE Paestum's economic fortunes declined as it slipped into relative obscurity, principally because, in c.133 BCE, the new Roman highway, the Via Popilia, which ran from Rhegion to Capua, bypassed the city. Still, in c. 71 CE a second colony was founded and surviving inscriptions attest to the city regaining at least some of its lost glory. By the end of the 1st century CE, though, it seems Paestum's days as a major Roman city were over. Affected by the earthquakes and 79 CE eruption of Vesuvius, which destroyed Pompeii, the city's sanitation system was badly damaged and some buildings show evidence of never having been repaired.
In later centuries the city shrank dramatically in size and wealth and slowly slipped into obscurity as the region's tendency to flooding and poor drainage gained the city a reputation for being an unhealthy place to spend much time in - the marshy land being a breeding ground for malaria-carrying mosquitoes.
Furies › Who Was
Definition and Origins
The Furies (or Erinyes, sing. Erinys) were creatures from Greek mythology who exacted divine retribution from those guilty of wrong-doing. Crimes which were especially likely to incur their wrath were those involving one's family and anything related to oaths. The Furies were also responsible for carrying out curses, and the punishments they dealt out included disease and madness. From the 5th century BCE they are sometimes referred to by the euphemistic title 'the Gracious Ones' or Eumenides.
HESIOD & HOMER
The Furies may go back to prehistoric times in Greece as the word 'Erinys' appears in Linear B and she was long-identified with Demeter, the agricultural goddess, in Arcadia, and with Potnia, the ancient 'Mistress' goddess, in Boeotia. Their earliest mention in literature is in the work of Hesiod and Homer.
In Theogony Hesiod describes their birth but, as with most later sources, he does not specify their number. When the blood from the castrated Uranus hit the earth, from there sprang the Furies. They are, therefore, the daughters of Earth and Sky.Immediately, then, there is a connection with family arguments for Uranus was attacked by his son, the titan Cronus. In Hesiod's Works & Days we are told that the Furies attended the birth of Oath, whose mother was Strife.
PUNISHERS OF WRONG-DOING IN GENERAL, THE FURIES WERE CONSIDERED PROTECTORS OF THE RIGHTS OF SENIOR FAMILY MEMBERS
In Homer's Iliad the Furies can prevent an individual from using their reason and so lead them to unusual and stupid acts. The example here is of Agamemnon who unwisely stole the prize of Achilles and so upset the hero that he withdrew from the Trojan War. In Book 15 of the Iliad we are reminded that they favour the eldest sibling when Iris reminds Poseidon of the folly of going against his older brother Zeus. Homer also mentions that they live in Erebos, or darkness, and have no pity in their hearts. In the Odyssey Homer describes them as the 'Avenging Furies' and they curse Melampus, king of Argos, with temporary madness.
ASSOCIATIONS & PURPOSE
Punishers of wrong-doing in general, the Furies were considered protectors of the rights of senior family members, especially mothers, fathers, and elder siblings. A famous example is their pursuit of Orestes after he killed his mother Clytemnestra. The Furies would carry out punishments according to curses given by such members. Outside the family, the Furies protected such social outcasts as beggars. They acted, too, as the guarantors of oaths and the punishers of those who swore false oaths. The dark nature of their task led them to being closely associated with Hades, the Greek Underworld, where they escorted the wicked to their torments. The writer of Greek tragedy Aeschylus, for example, refers to the Furies as the daughters of Night.
Orestes Pursued by a Fury
THE FURIES IN ART
The Furies appear on Greek pottery decoration, typically with wings and either carrying snakes or with snakes in their hair.They are often seen pursuing Orestes and on other occasions in the company of either Hades or Hecate, the lunar goddess associated with witchcraft. The Furies feature in the works of all three great Greek tragedians, Aeschylus, Sophocles, and Euripides (see especially Orestes ). In Aeschylus' plays, they appeared on stage wearing all black and with snakes instead of hair. They continue to appear in Etruscan and Roman art when they become just three, are given the names Allecto, Megaera, and Tisiphone, and are referred to collectively as the Dirae.
LICENSE:
Article based on information obtained from these sources:with permission from the Website Ancient History Encyclopedia
Content is available under License Creative Commons: Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported. CC-BY-NC-SA License