What are Social Movements

Social movements

What are Social Movements

Social movements are grassroots groups organized around the defense or promotion of a cause that, in a coordinated, planned and sustained manner over time, seek social change.

Social movements are articulated around two fundamental keys: the perception of a shared identity among its members and the systematic organization with a future projection, all oriented to intervene in a concrete way in society. This distinguishes the concept of social movement from the concepts of collective behavior and collective action .

Objective of social movements

The objective of social movements is to promote changes in social structures and the values that legitimize them, since these structures, due to their propensity for stability, tend to naturalize the state of affairs, which is the cause of stagnation and perpetuation. of anachronistic conflict-generating conditions.

Eventually, it may happen that a social movement is articulated against change and not in favor. This happens when measures implemented by other social actors, almost always the government, introduce changes that threaten to some degree the lifestyle of a community. In this case, we speak of resistance movements , a term adopted from the military sphere.

Characteristics of social movements

In general terms, social movements are characterized by the following elements:

They arise from tensions or structural conflicts in society;
its members share an identity expressed in shared objectives, ideas, beliefs and interests;
they are articulated around the principle of collective solidarity;
create networks of interaction with the community;
they believe in collective participation as an engine of social change or social intervention;
they enjoy a certain organizational stability;
their structures are often horizontal;
design and develop coordinated collective actions to address conflicts;
as a rule, his relationship with power is conflictive;
their interventions occur outside the institutional setting. For this reason, they differ from political parties, unions, interest groups and pressure groups;
its predominant resources are symbolic (emotionally engaged leaders and members, alternative stories, etc.) rather than material.

Types of social movements

The classification of social movements starts from the diversity of areas, agendas and purposes that are manifested among them. Let's see below what are the most important types of social movements.

According to the quality of the change

Innovative or progressive movements: those that promote a new form of social organization. Example: labor movement.
Conservative movements : those that resist the changes introduced by political actors or that seek to legitimize traditional belief systems or structures. Example: monarchical movements.

According to the objectives of the change

Movements structural or sociopolitical: target the modification of the legal apparatus, whether partial or complete.
- Example: the US civil rights movement in the 1960s.
Sociocultural movements : they pursue the modification of the belief system, values or ways of life.
- Example: current feminism in the western world.

According to the strategy

Instrumental logic movements: the objective is to conquer power.
- Example: revolutionary movements.
Expressive logic movements: the objective is to defend the values or identities of emerging groups against the hegemonic order.
- Example: LGBT movement .

According to historical development

Old or traditional movements: they are those that had their origin at the beginning of modern societies.
- Example: the suffrage movement in Great Britain and the USA in the 19th century.
New movements: refers to those social movements that result from consumer and post-industrial societies. Its causes are usually identities, culture and civil rights.
- Example: alterworld movement .

According to the geographical dimension of the claims requested

Local movements: they are organized around the affairs of a certain city, community, sector, neighborhood or urbanization.
- Example: Movement “Our daughters back home”, Chihuahua, Mexico.
National movements: are those whose demands have national scope and are always directed towards the State.
- Example: Movement for peace, with justice and dignity , in Mexico.
Transnational movements: are those movements that are structured in networks of global and supranational scope before international actors.
- Example: Greenpeace , global environmental movement.

Origin or causes of social movements

There are many theories regarding the origin of social movements. The conventional explanatory model attributes it to three variables: structural causes, conjunctural causes and triggers.

Structural causes , that is, tensions that are generated within the framework of a certain society, and that gradually feed alienation, frustration, resentment or the feeling of insecurity and helplessness.
Conjunctural causes , that is, acute crises that make the state of malaise evident.
Triggers , referring to those events (enactment of laws, public speeches, accidents, news events, etc.) that fill the capacity for endurance and stimulate the need to seek alternatives.

The consolidation of social movements, that is, the real effectiveness of these once constituted, is related to various factors. Let's see the main ones.

Structural conditions, that is, crisis, triggering events, etc;
community leadership, that is, the presence of enough solid leaders to encourage and guide the project;
material and organizational resources.

Social movement, collective behavior and collective action

Not every social manifestation in the public can be considered a social movement. There is a tendency to confuse this concept with those of collective behavior and collective action due to the close relationship between them.

Collective behavior refers to spontaneous and isolated actions that respond to conjunctural phenomena. It is not aimed at social change but at the expression of discomfort or frustration, although it can be the germ of new social movements.

A historical example of collective behavior is the wave of looting called Caracazo in Venezuela, unleashed between February 27 and 28, 1989.

A collective action is one that aims to benefit the community and has a minimum of internal organization. It does not necessarily become consolidated around a permanent program.

For example , the organization of a public demonstration before the announcement of an unpopular government measure.

Social movements, which in effect promote collective actions, do so within the framework of a systematic program with long-term objectives and scope, since it is oriented towards structural changes in society and not only temporary ones.